Chapter 2 Flashcards
Fire dynamics
1
Q
What is the study of the characteristics of fire and the burning process which includes how fires start, develop and spread?
A
Fire dynamics
2
Q
We have two enemies what are they?
A
The fire and the building that is on fire
3
Q
It is extremely important for your professional development and to the safety and survival of your firefighters that you understand ‘’’ behavior of a fire inside a building during the offense of interior attack and defensive to a lesser degree
A
Dynamic
4
Q
Every fire needs three components what are they?
A
Fuel , heat and oxygen
5
Q
Fuels are materials that store
A
Energy
6
Q
In order to have rapid self combustion and increasing fire development, there must be a’’ to perpetuate the flaming mode of combustion
A
Chemical chain reaction
7
Q
The spontaneous self sustained chemical chain reaction keeps the fire
A
Burning and growing
8
Q
What is the fourth element of fire Tetrahedron
A
Chemical chain reaction
9
Q
Fire is also referred to as’’ in as the process of rapid oxidation.
A
Combustion p. 19
10
Q
The fire generates more ‘’ (radiation) , emits light ( ‘’) and releases energy as a result of that ‘’
A
Heat, flame, reaction
11
Q
Fire colors regarding heat
Yellow-
Red
Orange
Blue
White
A
y- coolest
W- hottest
12
Q
Fire is not a ‘’ or ‘’ it’s a byproduct of the combustion vapors that are released from solid and liquid fuels during the chemical process
A
Solid or liquid
13
Q
What is every physical object that you see in everything that exist in the universe?? Anything that occupies space has mass, size weight or volume
A
Matter
14
Q
In science matters made up of atoms and molecules that exist in three states which are
A
Solids, liquids, and gases
15
Q
Oxidation is commonly seen as
A
Rust
16
Q
The wood that frames houses is made up of materials called
A
cellulose ( because made from trees which where once living )
17
Q
Substances that originate from living organisms are referred to as
A
Organic compounds
18
Q
Organic compounds usually contain elements of X3
A
Carbons, hydrogen and oxygen
19
Q
Hydrocarbons are also what compounds
A
Organic compounds
20
Q
Plastics were never alive, but they were made from oil(hydrocarbons) which were once?
A
Prehistoric life forms that have been dead decaying for millions of years thus once living
21
Q
Oil companies drill for once living materials and through their chemical processes creating nonliving material. The end results are.
P
P
D
G
A
Plastics, petroleum, diesel, and gasoline products
22
Q
Matter in the universe that has never been alive or part of a living organism is called
A
In organic
23
Q
Minerals like iron, quartz, and granite are examples of what compounds .
A
Organic compounds
24
Q
Difference between organic and inorganic materials are
A
Organic materials will burn
25
Smallest unit of matter is
An atom
26
Atoms are made of x 3
P
N
E
Protons, neutrons and electrons p. 20
27
Atoms become chemically stable by gaining, losing or sharing electrons with other atoms to fill their
outer most shell
28
Adams join to form
Molecules
29
The most common example of two oxygen atoms joining to form an oxygen molecule is written as
02
30
Almost all fuels consistent 2 things which are ?
Hydrogen and carbon hence why they're called hydrocarbons
31
The atomic glue that holds these molecules together is called
Bond
32
When Adams and molecules join together, a certain amount of heat is absorbed into the bond which creates and holds together the newly formed Element this process is called a '' reaction .
Endothermic reaction the heat is absorbed when the bond is created
33
When the bond is Forcefully broken energy is released in the form of heat and light this is called a '' reaction ?
Exothermic reaction
34
an '' act as a catalyst to break down what otherwise would remain a stable molecule
Oxidizer
35
Most common oxidizer available is
Oxygen
36
the '' possesses a chemical property that can pull apart and break up the bottom that previously existed
Oxidizer processes p. 21
37
A lite coat of '' applied on metal prevents rusting because air is unable to come into direct contact with the surface of the metal so it cannot reach and'' the metal
oil , oxidize
38
The presence of oxygen in combination with heat from a previous bond breaking causes a rapid reaction to take place, which is '' reaction
Exothermic reaction
39
When energy intensifies which causes additional molecular bonds to break apart and so on until a rapid spontaneous self-sustaining chain reaction occurs is a process called
Combustion
40
Chemical reaction occurring during combustion is called
Oxidation
41
The amount of oxygen presents affects the process and speed of oxidation as well as the process and speed of combustion. It can be very slow as '' or they can make her very fast as in //
rust /explosion
42
In earths atmosphere the normal concentration of oxygen is approximately'', nitrogen'', water vapor, neon, carbon dioxide, and other gases ''
o-21 %
N-78
O- 1
43
Combustion occurs in oxygen concentration between ?
14 and 100% NOT
44
And atmospheres were oxygen concentration is below 4% combustion can
Not occur
45
Heat is the most common source of what on earth
Energy
46
Heat forges atoms and molecules together to form compounds('') , and heat is released when those bonds are separate( '')
Endothermic reaction
Exothermic reaction
47
Heat is a form of energy that consists of '' IN MOTION
Matter in motion
48
There are five basic sources of heat energy. What are they?
C
E
M
S
N
Chemical, electrical, mechanical, solar, and nuclear. common sources of everyday heat p. 22
49
What is the breaking down of molecular compound:
''' or ''
Decomposition or pyrolysis
50
Mechanical heat source is caused by'' which is the breakdown of two materials that are compressed together or rapidly rubbed against each other
Friction
51
Heat buildup from friction as often the cause of fires in ?
machinery p. 22
52
An electrical heat source can occur several ways: which are
current flowing through a resistance, overcurrent or overload
arching
sparking
static charge
lightning.
53
As a general rule, the heavier in the material the more efficient it is as a
Conductor, that's why metal is a good conductor
54
what electricity occurs when two different materials are rubbed together, scraped together or a suddenly joined or separated. These actions create energy in the form of mechanical heat, but on a molecular level.
static
55
The static charge is small. They can be seen with the naked eye nevertheless it is very powerful and can reach temperatures in excess of.
2000° NOT
56
What is static electricity on a grand scale that can generate heat energy in excessive''
Lightning, 60,000°
57
What is created when flammable liquids are transferred from one storage container to another and has been the ignition source for many flammable fires. This is why fuel tankers and aircraft have to be properly grounded and bonded by wires during fueling and fuel transfer operations. It is not necessary when filling your car at the gas station because gasoline no special additives that make it feel act as a ground
Static electricity
58
The most powerful and most common source of human energy
Solar
59
The misunderstood energy by the general republic
Nuclear
60
Many US military ships and submarines are powered by
Nuclear energy
61
What energy '' is created by splitting the NECLEUC of an atom into two smaller nuclei or by combining two small nuclei into a large nucleus.
When incase in a heavy shield called the '' the radioactive material stays safely confined.
Nuclear energy..
core
p. 23
62
What happened with the nuclear plant explosion in Chernobyl .
The meltdown of the core occurred when the water levels was too low to keep up with it heat once without a coolant the rods are no control and run away. Reaction occurred.
63
Heat causes
Parolysis
64
Heat causes the continuous production and ignition of fuel vapors so that combustion can
Continue
65
What is the application of continuous force by one object against another object that it touches?
Pressure
66
what is the measurable amount of pressure exerted by a liquid as it converts to a gas and exerts pressure against the side of a confined closed container
Vapor pressure
67
What is the weight of a material that depends on the number of molecules and atoms that are occurpied by given volume?
Density
68
Denser material the greater is its ability to
Conduct heat
69
A collection of molecules that accompany a space in a filled state that not to separate is a
Liquid
70
Some molecules are re-absorbed into the liquid while other others remain in a gasous state within the container. This process is called.
Diffusion
71
If gases are lighter than air and aren't combined inside the container, all the liquid will eventually
Evaporate
72
If the gas is heavier than the molecules remains suspended in the space between the surface of the liquid and the top of the container. Even in an open container at this point where there are many molecules being liberated from the liquid as being re-absorbed by liquid, it is referred to as the state of
Equilibrium
73
Cooling the containers inhibits the liquids ability to
Diffuse
74
What is the weight of a gas compared to normal air?
Vapor density
75
The normal atmospheric pressure of air at sea level is'' given the designated number of '' when measured at 32°
14.7 psi.... 1 NOT
76
Gas that weighs less than the same volume of air are lighter than air and tend to ''.. Their vapor density is designated as a number less than ;'''
Rise ,1
77
Two flammable gases that we encounter frequently in the fire service are
Methane ( natural gas) and propane p.24
78
Methane is a vapor density of
0.6 making it lighter than normal air
79
Methane released into the open air will
Rise
80
With accidental releases inside a structure, the gas will rise and accumulate at the highest point then start to back down. This is why it is so important to what with natural gas leaks inside structure.
Ventilate high and eliminate sources of ignition
81
Propane has a vapor density of
1.6 making it heavier than air so it sinks NOT
82
When using a gas detector and a propane leak
Take the readings and low areas close to the source because it's heavier than air
83
If a liquid is flammable and stored under pressure like propane, the bottom, half of the container is liquid propane, while the top half of the container is
Vaporize propane
84
If this pressure is container subject to the heat from fire, the rabbit pressure both up can exceeded the relief valves ability to vent the flammable vapor safely, which can ultimately lead to
BLeve p. 25
85
Even if the liquid and vessel is not flammable, the container rupture can still be violent, resulting in a force that can send container fragments and sharpnels great distance as far as
1/2 miles
86
What is a strategy to prevent a BLEVE
Cool the top of the tank that contains all the pressurized vapor with water
87
If a reliable water source cannot be maintained or if the risk factors too great another tactic would be too
Evacuate the area and let it burn
88
The most common example of a BLEVE IS
Popping a popcorn p. 26
89
All materials will be the laws of physics and exist in one of the three states
Solids, liquids, or gases
90
The state of conversion from a liquid to a gas under normal atmosphere conditions is called
Evaporation
91
Combustion can take place only when a substance is in what state
Gas
92
If there isn't enough combustible, gas presented to ignite the mixture it said to be too '' to burn
lean
93
If there's too much gas presented or the concentration to exceeds, it is said to be too '' to burn
Rich
94
A concentration of gas falls into the range where it can ignite. It is said to be within its
Flammable or explosive limit
95
The lower end of flammable or explosive ignition is called
Lower explosive limit
96
The higher end of flammable explosion ignition is called
Upper explosive limit
97
Atmospheres that are below what oxygen requires the use of SCBA;s
19% NOT
98
The flammable range of CO is between
12.5 - 74 % NOT
99
The flammable range for natural gas is between
6.5% and 17% NOT
100
The flammable range for gasoline is between %
1.5% and 7.6% NOT
101
CO has a much greater range to ignite then
Natural gas and gasoline
102
Over the years fire behavior, scientist defined the burning stages of fire as following
Ignition stage
Growth stage
Fully developed stage
decay Stage p. 27 `
103
What type of windows often are the heat of the fire during the ignition and growth stage without failing ?? Which also provide the fire with additional air
Double and triple pane glass for insulation
104
Two new stages and fire growth has led to the development of the six stage, VENTILATION CONTROL FIRE GROWTH MODEL, which is ?
I
IGS
VLS
EGS
FDS
DS
Ignition
Initial growth stage
Ventilation limited stage
Explosive growth stage
Fully developed stage
Decays stage p. 28
105
When a combustible material heats up, it starts to liberate gases that can burn. The initial heat source usually comes from an external origin, such as a flame or spark from a fire that has already burned. The heat source can also come from. x3
Radiation conduction, or convection
106
Simply put what STAGE of a fire is the point at which four elements of the fire tetrahedron come together?
Ignition stage
107
What stage is typically small, limited in surface area and easy to control and extinguish
Ignition stage
108
At the ignition stage of a fire at the flame temperature is between''' but the room temperature is relatively unchanged just above ambient
700 to 1000° NOT
109
What stage is the fire emitting light gray smoke and the oxygen level is still around 20 to 21%, flame temperature is between 700 and 1000° but the room temperature is relatively unchanged. It may just be above ambient.. carbon monoxide output is still low so they survivable profile is very good.. condensation of water droplets conform on glass..
Ignition stage(incipient)
This is when the fire actually ignite
110
What is a clue on glass that the fire is in incipient stage?
Moisture buildup( condensation, or water droplets)
111
What can refer to the stage of the fire all the way up to the initial growth stage?
Incipient
112
What begins and more smoke is being produced, changing its color from light gray to dark gray
Pyrolysis
113
What stage do flames extend beyond their object of origin but the fire can still be quickly controlled and extinguished, survivability profiles good to moderate
Initial growth stage p. 29
114
What is the momentarily ignition of flammable gases that spread the chemical gene reaction to other Jason adjacent flammables, increasing the size of the fire temperatures are quickly rising, and flashover over is becoming imminent
Rollover
115
The speed of the growth size of the fire depends on several factors:
FS
CS
I
OS
Fuel supply
Container size
Insulation
Oxygen supply
116
If sufficient HEAT and AIR is available, THE Fire is '''' AND proceeds right into fully developed stage
Fuel controlled
117
Two major clues indicate a growth stage fire because flames may still not be visible. If the fire hasn't self vented what are they?
Smoke
Windows
118
Glass cracks on the interior air temperature is between
500 and 600° p. 30 NOT
119
What is the second growth stage of a fire?
Explosive growth stage
120
In what stage does the fire gain significant headway for running out of air? It happens after the fire has become ventilation limited. The room temperatures could be?
Explosive growth stage 500° or higher
121
During the explosive growth stage surrounding fuels are already preheated in there's plenty of volatile smoke once what is ''' introduced the transition can lead to rapidfire growth with explosive forces
Air
122
What acts as a ladder fuel to quickly ignite the rest of the smoke?
acrolein 450 degrees NOT
123
Firefighters who have entered through the door and are advancing into smoky hallway have created a '''' entry point behind them
Oxygen rich, low pressure
124
flashover tend to occur within the fire room, but modern smoke is fuel and once ignited the flames follow the convected currents beyond the room of origins. This is called ..
flame over p. 31
125
In what stage does The building may not be significantly pressurized. The fuel ignition temperatures are warm. This is not a super high temperature event, but the temperature is higher than the initial growth stage in the compartment is pressurized.
Explosive growth stage
126
The tactic to prevent the ''''' stage from overtaking firefighters is to:
Break out a window or open a door and spray stream into the structure from the outside to cool the interior atmospheres and lower the ignition temperature of the smoke
2- to enter the structure with the wind at your back, using a hose line to spray the straight stream into the ceiling area to Coole as it attack team advances
explosive growth
127
What stage does flashover occur?
Fully developed stage
128
What stage is recognized as the point at which all content within the perimeters of the fire boundaries are burning?( The entire contents of a room?
Fully developed stage
129
In the ''' stage ceiling temps (1400) and floor temps(600) would be smoke color (black) Survivability profile would be(0) glass would (fail)
fully developed p. 32
130
The '''' stage is controlled and regulated by one of two methods, which are:
Inside a structure the amount of air being introduced or supplied to the fire area, making it an air dependent fire
In an outdoor fire, the amount of air is unlimited therefore, the amount of fuel dictates the size of the fire, making it a fuel dependent fire
fully developed
131
At what point does most of the fuel in available oxygen have all been consumed in the fire begins to decrease in size
decay stage
132
At what stage Progression of a fire that was once air controlled is now fuel dependent air ?
Decay stage
133
Without additional fuel, the temperature continues to drop after approximately how many hours does the temperature drop to ambient temperatures?
Two hours NOT
134
Oxygen levels below what cannot support combustion
14% p. 33 NOT
135
What is energy release during combustion? Which allows the fire to sustain itself and to extend
Heat
136
Heat always moves from warmer objects to
Cooler objects
137
The term used to describe heat transfer is
Heat flux
138
What is the measure of the rate transfer from one surface to another?
Heat flux
139
Three modes by which he transfers its its energy from one substance to another are
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
140
What is the process of transferring by direct contact through one solid object to another?....
heat transfer early in the development of a fire
almost entirely the result of?
Conduction
141
The ability of a material to conduct thermal energy depends on
Molecule density
142
The less dense material is the more difficult it is for
heat to be transferred through it
143
When a hot object, transfers its heat what is taking place?
Conduction
144
The denser a material the better it is at being
A conductor p. 35
145
Examples of less dense materials:
MW
S
G
Mineral wool
Sheet
Gypsy board
146
What is the transfer of heat by circulatory movement of air or water?
Convection
147
Air that is cooler than surroundings does what?
Sink
148
Heated air rises due to a fire it forms a
Thermal column, also known as a thermal plume p. 36
149
The point where the interior pressure is equal to the pressure outside the structure is called the
Neutral plane
150
The neutral plane can move upward down, depending on:
T
V
W
Temperature
Ventilation
Wind
151
Fire spread by convection moves predominantly in what direction
Upward
152
What is the most common method of heat and fire traveling within structures generally caring heat from room to room, Floor to floor?
Convection
153
If the convecting heat encounter is a sailing or vertical barrier that prevent it from rising, it spreads out horizontally along the ceiling when it reaches vertical wall, it travels down towards the floor, being pushed by more pressurized air than is rising behind it this process is called
Mushrooming effect p. 37
154
Convection currents are pressurized in always take ??
The path of lease resistance, therefore the smoking fire also takes the path of least resistance
155
What is the volume of space in which the movement of cooler air enters through an inlet opening in the space where the gases exit through an exhaust outlet ?
flow path
156
What path is also boundaries for the currents of gases within the building?
flow path
157
Two types of flow paths are
bidirectional and unidirectional flow path
158
What flow path is a two-way or high low air, current fresh air and smoke competing for the same opening
bidirectional
159
It is very important to remember that wherever heated gases and pressurized smoke are escaping what will shortly follow
Flames
160
What flow path can be a fresh air intake opening or an exhaust exit port? It simply means that the convicted air cards are flowing in the same direction through the entire opening and exit port.
unidirectional flow path p. 39
161
a unidirectional flow path can also be created by''' (NOT OPENING A DOOR )
Positive pressure fans
162
What is the combined process of emission, transmission, and the absorption of energy traveling by electromagnetic wave propagations between a region of higher temp and a region of lower temp
Radiation
163
What is the cause of most exposure fires?
Radiation
164
Matter exist in three states which are
Solids liquids, and gases
165
A breakdown of solid fuels to ignitable gases'''''' Name is the chemical decomposition of a solid substance through the application of heat simply put as solid fuels are heated there slowly being destroyed and converted to liquid, then combustible vapors. "" occurs shortly before combustion.
Pyrolysis
166
Woodburn away approximately'' of an inch every '' minute
1/8 , 5 mins p. 42 NOT
167
Older fuels, including wood building construction are known as ''' ( wood , cotton )
Legacy fuels
168
Today's construction uses engineered lumber and wood products like a glue, laminated beams, oriented, strand board, plywood, and press board of which all have glues holding them together. The majority of household furniture, appliances, coverings, and decorations, are all constructed up petroleum based products like plastics, foams, and synthetic these are known as.
Modern fuels
169
The ''' the surface to Mass ratio, the less heat energy, it takes to light the fuel.
higher
170
Horizontal and vertical sheets of plywood are the same panels. A panel in the vertical position burns more '' due to the increased heat transfer and absorption through ''' as well as'''' .
Faster because increased heat transfer and absorption through convection as well as conduction and radiation p. 43
171
A liquid cannot burn unless this is spotted, which is also referred to as
Atomization
172
Fuel gases from liquids are generated by the process
vaporization
173
The ignition temperature is the temperature at which fuels
Spontaneously ignite
174
What is the lowest temperature at which a liquid produces a flammable vapor sufficient to flash upon the application of a flame or spark?
Flashpoint
175
What is the temperature to which a flammable liquid must be heated in order to produce sufficient vapors to burn continuously ??
Flame point
176
the '' point is a few degrees above the flashpoint of a liquid
Flame point p. 44
177
What is essentially primed for combustion?
Gas
178
What is the most dangerous of all fuel states?
Gas
179
No paralysis or vaporization is needed to ready the fuel for combustion and less heat energy is required for ignition and what state
gas
180
Flammable range of fuel is reported using percentages by volumes of gas or vapor and air for the ?
lowest flammable limit ( LFL ) and the upper flammable limit ( UFL)
181
What is the minimum concentration of fuel vapor and air that supports combustion? Concentration below those are said to be too lean to burn.
LFL
182
What is concentrations above which combustion cannot take place? Concentrations above this are said to be too rich to burn.
UFL
183
CO has a LFL and a UFL of
12.5% and 74 % p. 45 NOT
184
Smoke consist of x 4
S,V,A,G
Solids
Vapors
Aerosols
Gases
185
'' chemicals contain within smoke are numerous and include:
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen chloride
phosgene
bezene
caroline
ammonia
formaldenhyde
Car
186
What in smoke allow you to see smoke
particulates p. 46
187
Watering towards the ceiling can cool the smoking gas is preventing them from igniting this tactic is called
Cooling the ceiling or cooling the atmosphere p. 47
188
What is used as the qualitative specification for the energy produced or energy transfer capability of a fire?
British thermal unit BTU
189
If the gallons per minute of water cannot overwhelm and exceed the amount of''' generated by the fire, the fire will not go out
BTU
190
Extinguishing agents such as '' interrupt the combustion process and stop flames
Dry chemicals
191
What is the ability of a substance to mix with water?
Solubility
192
Liquids that readily mix with water are called
Polar solvent
193
As a general rule hydrocarbon liquid fuels like gasoline are called
non-polar solids( they don't mix with water)
194
What occurs when gases produced by the fire stratify into layers based on their temperature
Thermal Layering
also referred to as heat stratification
195
Hottest gases rise to wear while cooler gases, which are'' go where
hot gaes go to the top of the room , color gases stay at the bottom of the room and they are heavier
196
Enter beneath what for interior attacks and structure fires because the temperatures are lower and visibility is better
Neutral plane p. 49
197
What happens during the growth stage of a fire on the upside of the standard time temperature curve superheated gases, stratify and thermal layering occurs if these superheated gases reach ignition temp temperatures they spontaneously ignite through radiation coming from fire or from direct contact with open flames in the most thermal layers, causing the fire to travel across the top of the compartment
rollover
198
Remember that under pressure smoke, fire, gases, and vapors always take
The path of least resistance
199
Rollover can cause fire to spread '' to unaffected low pressure areas of the compartment, and moved towards the source of oxygen
Horizontally
200
When the fire has brought the entire contents to their ignition temperature, what occurs
Flashover
201
How is rollover different from flashover
Rollover only the ceiling papers are burned in addition to the seat of the fire
Flashover over the entire contents of the room is on fire
202
What is your last morning sign before flashover
Roll over
203
What is the rapid transition from the grow stage to the fully developed stage the entire contents of a room almost simultaneously releasing a tremendous amount of energy and generating intense heat, and flame
Flashover p. 50
204
The threshold temperature for flashover occurs at approximately
1000° NOT
205
Structural, PPE is rated to its stand temperatures up to?
500° cannot survive from more than a few seconds in a flash over
206
Considering reaction time if firefighter would have to be between ''' from an exit door for a chance of surviving this dangerous and deadly occurrence
6 to 10 feet NOT
207
Are less likely to occur in a large room with high ceilings that supply more air during fire development
Flashover
208
Fires that remain ventilation, limited or oxygen deficient, what may not occur
Flashover
209
A fire in the decay stage can quickly what if oxygen is introduced to the smoldering fire
Flash
210
Flashover can be prevented by
Cooling fuels with water
211
What is another high temperature event caused by sudden introduction of oxygen into an enclosure where superheated smoke, gas and contents are at or above their ignition ''' but do not have sufficient oxygen to burn or gases, too rich to burn
Backdraft 1400°
212
If fire burning in a closed box, meeting a room or structure that is ''' Limited can consume all available oxygen within the compartment, slowing the combustion process and the intensity of the fire however, the room is filled with superheated fuels, and the form of smoke at this stage. The fire is starving for """
Ventilation limited
Oxygen
213
What typically occurred during the decay stage of a fire with cooler atmospheric temperatures of the smoke
Smoke explosions
214
Potential ''' signs:
Extreme heat 1200° or higher
Any confined fire with a large heat buildup in a tightly sealed building
No visible flames from the exterior
Dull red flames in the thin of the smoke
Puffing of smoke from seams and cracks of windows and doors
Heavy black smoke pushing out from under pressure
Smoke stained windows that are hard to touch
Turbulence
Thick, yellow, brown, or brownish gray
No smoke showing
Large open area structures( supermarkets, bowling alleys)
Large open void spaces( add spaces, cocklofts) p. 51-52
backdraft
215
A Backdraft can occur naturally when ??? or by accident when??
Windows break from heat
Doors are open by firefighters
216
Two basic strategies to prevent Backdraft from developing are:
which is more dangerous
Ventilating vertically at the highest point of a structure
Ventilate a fire horizontally from a safe distance with overwhelming water from a straight stream of 2 1/2 inch nozzle (more dangerous)
217
Remember, there is no chance of survival in a ''' compartment
pre - backdraft p. 52
218
Introducing air into a ventilation limited fire can result in
Explosive fire growth
219
Newer homes are tightly sealed with added ''' x 3
Insulation
Caulking
Double and triple pane windows and storm windows
220
Ventilation limited fires can quickly progress to flashover and less than how many minutes
2 p. 53 NOT
221
What typically happens during the decay stage of a fire, which is on the backside of the time temperature curve.. Occurs when a mixture of CO, flammable gases and oxygen is present usually in a void space or other pocketed areas separate from the fire room
Smoke explosion
222
Conditions needed to produce a '''' often include the presence of:
Void spaces
Combustible building materials
Ventilation controlled fire that produces unburned fuel(carbon monoxide)
And ignition source
smoke explosion
223
In a smoke explosion, there is no change to the ventilation profile such as opening a door or window rather it occurs from pressurized smoke traveling within structure to an ''' ?
ignition source p. 55
224
Best advantage for the firefighter, making entry into a structure is to keep the wind at their
Backs
224
Fires and well insulated modern structures progressed to the growth stage'' . And most cases these fires that enter a ''' because there is no limited supply oxygen coming in from the outside.
Quickly , ventilation limited(DECAY STAGE) stage 56
225
Keeping the doors closed until a waterline from the outside through the window can knocked down the fire is called what kind of attack
Transitional defense to offense attack
226
Fires have been divided into five classifications based on type of fuel burnings what are they?
Class A
B
C
D
K
227
What class, Fires are fueled by ordinary combustibles like wood paper and cloth
Class A
228
What class of fuel are fueled by flammable and combustible liquids and gases such as gasoline diesel oil alcohol
Class B
229
what Class fires are basically fueled by electricity or energized heat sources
class C
230
Once the source of electricity is shut off, the fire becomes either class '' or '' fire
Class A or B
231
What class fires are chemical reaction fires fueled by combustible exotic metals
Class D P. 57
232
What class fires are primarily commercial kitchen fires fueled by cooking oils and fats?
Class K
233
Four Conceptual factors Need to be remembered when reading '' are ?
1. Smoker Is fuel.
2. Fuels have changed.
3. Fuels have trigger points.
4. Occupants survivability profile.
Smoke
234
Hydrocarbons vapors can self ignite in temperatures as low as
450° NOT
235
The five most ''' prevalent in the smoke that firefighters encounter on regular structure fires are:
CO
Hydrogen Cyanide
Benzene
Acrolrien
Hydrogen sulfide
( ignition temperature as low as 450° and have a collective flammable range in air between 1 % and 74% p. 59
flammable gases
236
Human trachea or airways can only be exposed to or with stand temperatures around
195° for approximately one minute NOT
237
The unprotected skin the largest organ in the body can only be exposed to or withstand temperatures around
300 for approximately one minute NOT
238
Laminar means the fire is still in its
Early growth stage
239
Four key elements of smoke
V
V
D
C
Volume
Velocity ( speed)
Density
Color p. 60
240
Turbulence smoke is generated by
High heat, the faster, the smoke, the more heated has pushing
241
When you see turbulence smoke realize it is heat pushed, and pressurized what is eminent?
flashover p. 61
242
Smoke density suggest how much '' is contained within the smoke
Fuel
243
What smoke flow is fast, agitated and boiling? Generated by high heat tempuratures. The fast it pushes the more heat.
Turbulent smoke flow
244
Plastic or painted or stain services admit a what colored smoke.. Which is a combination of ''' from hydrocarbons and '' escaping moisture
Gray
black/white
245
What color indicates you may be dealing with an exotic chemical or hazardous material regarding smoke?
Yellowish green colors
246
Thick '' plumes are still signs that a flammable petroleum liquid is involved
Black
247
Change in'' content can change black smoke to lighter smoke. The farther travels from the fire.
Moisture
248
Carbon rich, black smoke often becomes lighter in color as a travels
Further from the fire
249
What smoke is lazier slow indicating early heat
White smoke
250
What is a high volume, high velocity, turbulent ultra dense, black smoke called
Blackfire
251
Temperatures can reach up to'' creating a deadly environment
Thousand degrees p.62
252
A hot humid forecast gives way to a narrow defined '' column
Narrow defined smoke column
253
A hot drY forecast makes for a '' shaped smoke column
Cone shaped smoke column
254
A cold humid forecast causes the smoke to
Drop and hang to the ground
255
Below freezing air temperatures can make black smoke look '' within a few feet of the outside opening because the moisture content and the smoke is condensing
Whitish
256
Moisture in the air known as
Ice fog
257
Four steps in reading ''' :
Determine the key elements of the smoke
Determine what is influencing the key elements
Determining the rate of change
Predicting the event
SMOKE
258
Water on the door turns to steam it indicates
High temperatures
259
When indications of hot Fire, such as darkening windows with little visibility, smoke coming from the edges of the closed doors and close windows are evidence you are encountering a fire that is in what stage ''' due to lack of sufficient oxygen this is a red flag for danger a fresh supply oxygen will likely produce a ???
DECAY
violent back draft or quickly accelerate to flashover p. 63
260
If smoke exits through the top half of the door and the tunnel of clean air enters through the bottom half of the door, then the fire is probably on '' this is called a '' flow path ..
The same level as the entry point this phenomenon is called bi- directional flow path
261
If smoke rises and the opening clears out, then pulls fresh air through the entire doorway back into the building then this is an intake you need directional flow path, which indicates that the fire is probably
Above the level of the opening
262
If there is no movement, you were likely in a dead end quarter if there is no smoke movement with minimal heat, you are probably
Below the fire floor
263
If smoke thins briefly because the back of pressure is being released when the front door is open, but then steady smoke flows out through the entire doorway. This is an exhaust point of a unidirectional flow path. This means the fire is.
Below the level of opening( basically, a chimney indication that this is a basement fire) p. 64
264
Natural convection, air currents are traveling how fast ?
10 to 15 mph you cannot outrun this p. 65 NOT
265
Even after complete extinguisher and burning buildings, contents are still off gas and chemicals for
Days after the fire department has left the scene
266
Many Fire department policy state that if air reading samples from Gas detective register CO at '' or greater SCBA 'S must be worn during overhaul
10 ppm p. 66 NOT
267
What does a material tend to do when it reaches its boiling point
Absorb heat page 26
268
What absorbs the heat leg of the fire triangle in the water cools. The fuel is below their ignition temperature.
Steam
269
What does the speed at which a fire grows and increases in size depend on?
Oxygen supply
270
Which smoke characteristic suggest how much fuel is contained within the smoke
Density
271
What is the only method of heat transfer that can occur in a vacuum?
Radiation
272
During the DK stage of a fire when there are super heated temperatures presented what event can occur
Backdraft
273
What happens to the air density when air is heated the molecule becomes agitated and collide into each other.. the air density is ''
Air density is reduced
274
What happens to the fire as the DK stage progresses? it becomes fuel '''
It becomes fuel dependent
275
What is the most visible byproduct of combustion that is present at every fire?
Smoke
276
What does a material tend to do when it reaches its boiling point
Absorb heat
277
Between which fire stages does the narrow window of interior operations lie for fire departments
Ignition and fully developed
278
What minimum wind speeds has NIST shown can create
wind-drive fire conditions inside a structure?
10 mph NOT
279
What does the speed at which a fire grows and increases in
size depend upon?
p. 29
Oxygen supply
280
On which part of the fire tetrahedron does steam work to
extinguish a fire?
heat
281
During which stage of the fire will rollover or flameover
occur?
p. 49
Growth
282
What does the speed at which a fire grows and increases in
size depend upon?
Oxygen supply
283
What color smoke can be present during the initial growth
stage of a fire?
DARK GREY
284
Which event occurs during the decay stage of a fire when
there are superheated temperatures present?
p. 51
BACKDRAFT
285
Through what mechanism is the fire line extinguishing the
fire during wildland operations?
Removing the fuel
286
What is the most visible by-product of combustion that is
present at every fire?
p. 46
SMOKE
