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Engine company 4th ed > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

Initial fire attack and ventilation

1
Q

Incorporate the findings of the UL/NIst experiments for initial fire attack, Three major strategies and tactics needed to be modified or implemented what are they

A

Transitional attack
Our approach to basement fires
Coordinate ventilation

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2
Q

When a fire has self vented through the window or a door and indirect attack or a ‘’ should preceded the interior attack

A

Transitional attack ( from the outside spray water through the window or door for 15 to 20 seconds nozzle should be set for a straight stream)

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3
Q

A straight stream will not ‘’

A

Push the fire into the rest of the structure and it will bounce off the walls ceilings

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4
Q

What technique is often referred to as softening the target or hitting it hard from the yard

A

Using a straight stream and bouncing the water off ceiling, deflecting off top window, headers or off the walls or aim at the seat of the fire if angle permits

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5
Q

Straight stream also permits

A

Natural ventilation

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6
Q

What stream takes up very little surface area of open window so fire gases are allowed to escape

A

Straight stream

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7
Q

’’’ means Stopping the fire growth momentum, and pushing it back to where it was in the incipient stage or early growth stage

A

Resetting the fire

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8
Q

Regarding basement, buyers what practice should be discontinued, except as a last resort

A

Making entry through the first floor and down the stairs into the basement p. 311

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9
Q

Opening the door from the first floor to the basement what can be created?

A

A flow path similar to a chimney

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10
Q

Convected high temperature occurrence with high glow flow path can travel with great speeds and generate temperature as well over

A

1000°

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11
Q

Regarding basement fires, every effort should be made to use

A

Exterior openings to the basement for fire attack and knock down the fire

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12
Q

What is preferred entry regarding basement fires?

A

Rear door p. 311

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13
Q

ul/nist test results have already proven that immediate application of water reduces interior temperatures, and fast water without’’ positive positive effects on the inside environment

A

Ventilation

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14
Q

The same test have also proven that when ventilation takes place for hose lines are for quick application. There is an immediate release of heat but the newly established flop path creates

A

Air movement in increasing the intensity of the fire

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15
Q

Remember ventilation always creates ‘’ the movement of air always intensify the ‘’’

A

Flop path, fire

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16
Q

Water ‘’ , then ‘’

A

Water first then vent

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17
Q

Ventilation without water applications makes the fire

A

Worst

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18
Q

Media water application into the fire to self vented window or door by the fastest means possible

A

Improves the situation

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19
Q

With double triple pane windows, a well insulated house can deprive the fire of ‘’’ putting it into what state?

A

Oxygen, vent limited

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20
Q

A sudden introduction of fresh air in a ventilation limited building often cause by ‘’’ may cause a

A

First in attack team, may cause rapidfire growth, sudden Backdraft or flashover p. 312

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21
Q

When they content in our room have absorbed all the energy they can withstand from the fire they reach their ‘’ and what occurs

A

Ignition temperature, flashover occurs

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22
Q

What is a rapid transition from the growth stage to a fully developed stage the entire contents of Neight simultaneously releasing a tremendous amount of energy and generating intense heating flames

A

Flashover p. 313

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23
Q

The threshold temperature for a flashover to occur is approximately

A

1000°

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24
Q

During flashover floor temperatures may be as high as what

A

Ceiling temperatures

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25
Q

Flashovers Are less likely to occur a fire in a ‘’

A

Large room with sw/ high ceilings in a condition that supplies more air during fire development

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26
Q

With larger ceilings, it takes longer for accumulated ‘’’

A

Heat to read it back down to other fuels at the floor level ( flashover may not occur)

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27
Q

Firefighter PPE is rated to withstand temperatures up to

A

500° ( cannot survive more than 10 to 15 in flashover)

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28
Q

To account for reaction time firefighters have to be between ‘’ from an exit or any chance of survival

A

6 to 10 feet

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29
Q

Although primary objective of initial attack lines and direct tag is to extinguish the fire, the first priority should be to

A

Prevent flashover from occurring by using water effectively

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30
Q

What can be prevented by cooling the fuel with water cooling the ceiling atmosphere with water which reduces the temperature of the gases, removing the fuel and reducing the amount of oxygen presented by control and ventilation

A

Flashover

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31
Q

Introducing Aaron to a ventilation limited fire can result in

A

Explosive fire growth

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32
Q

Firefighters making entry into the front door structure can introduce enough air into the fire to produce rapidfire growth and flashover. This change can occur within.

A

Two minutes and can proceed so fast it is impossible for firefighters to escape p. 314

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33
Q

Incident in command should conduct x5 before the decision is made to allow punters to enter the building to conduct an aggressive interior attack

A

360° size up
risk benefit analysis
Determine value time and size(VTS)
Consider resources

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34
Q

What does VTS stand for?

A

Value
Time
Size P 315

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35
Q

I’ll come at the fire ground depends to a great extent on the effectiveness of the

A

Initial attack

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36
Q

If there is any chance that a fire building is occupied in an interior attack as possible, the fire should be knocked down from ‘’ then fought from ‘’

A

Outside, within

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37
Q

What are the five basic fire attack strategies?

A

Direct attack
Indirect attack
Combination attack
Transitional attack
Defense attack

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38
Q

A ‘’ attack should be used during the incipient stage and growth stage of a fire can also be used during most free burning stages, but not all of them..

A

Direct attack

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39
Q

And most offensive fire attack situation what attack is A preferred method?

A

Direct attack

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40
Q

What is the shortest way of controlling the fire and minimizing the danger to occupants?

A

Direct attack

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41
Q

Direct attack is one in which a pre- ‘'’X 3 hose line with a ‘’ X2 is used to attack the fire

A

1 3/4 inch, 2 inch, 2 1/2 inch
Solid, smooth boar
Straight stream combination nozzle

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42
Q

Using the reach of of a whole stream, the nozzle firefighter should work the nozzle at all the areas involved and fire using a steady, X3 patterns to cover the entire room

A

Z, T OR O

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43
Q

HittinG the center area of the room from side to side using a steady’’’ breaks out any windows in the room, allowing for ‘’

A

Straight stream,
Immediate ventilation

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44
Q

Most solid fuel loads are at what level

A

Floor level

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45
Q

The best way to save the maximum number of lives is to put the fire out with a quick aggressive

A

DIRECT Attack

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46
Q

What attack is one in which is solid straight or narrow fog stream is used to deliver water at the ceiling to cool superheated gases in the upper levels of the room the objective is to prevent flashover by removing heat from the upper atmospheres. The water to flex and bounces off the ceiling into droplets and it is converted to steam and expand. ‘’ times its volume absorbs as much greater amount of heat

A

Indirect attack, 1700 times P. 318

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47
Q

The disadvantage of an’’ attack is that the water to steam expansion ratio is capable of causing steam burns to firefighters and victims because of this it is not?

A

Indirect attack
Recommended where victims may be located

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48
Q

What is the boiling point of water?

A

212°

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49
Q

When the area has been cooled down to ‘’ steam production stop and firefighters feel and hear the waterfall on the roof

A

212°

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50
Q

Once ventilation is taking place, the operation should be changed from ‘’ attack to ‘’ attack for final extinguishment

A

Indirect, direct P. 318

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51
Q

What nozzles are excellent methods to carry an indirect attack. Using the specialty nozzles is best suited for what type of compartments

A

Piercing nozzle
Fog applicator
Distributor nozzle

Storage areAS
Basements
ATTICS
Cock lofts
Wall spaces
Other concealed spaces

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52
Q

Once smoke hits ‘’ barriers, they start to spread horizontally until they reach barriers then they’’’ and worked their way down to ‘’

A

vertical ,lateral, mushroom, floor

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53
Q

There are three types of high-rise buildings. What are they?

A

Commercial offices
Hotels
Residential Apartments / condominiums

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54
Q

Residential high-rises are often

A

Sprinkler

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55
Q

What can be deadly and I residential high-rise fire?

A

Wind

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56
Q

Remember, high-pressure always see’’ and moves towards’’ in an attempt to equalize

A

Path of resistance, low pressure P. 319

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57
Q

If the wind is less ‘’ miles per hour multiple positive pressure fans can be set up in hallways or at the entry of the fire unit to keep the wind at the back of the fire crew while it’s members overHall the fire

A

25 MPH

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58
Q

Depending on floor construction, what two nozzles can be inserted into the fire unit from the floor above using the same tactics for an indirect attack on a basement fire, cellar fire, pier fire .

A

Piercing nozzle
Bresnan distributor nozzle

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59
Q

What attacked uses both direct and indirect methods one after another

A

Combination

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60
Q

Extreme for a one and 3/4 inch handle can easily reach

A

70 to 80 feet p. 320

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61
Q

There are two types of transitional attacks what are they?

A

Defensive to offensive
Offensive to defensive p. 320

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62
Q

New terms and response to UL/NIST recommendations, softening the target and hitting it hard from the yard for to this type of ‘’ attack

A

Transitional

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63
Q

Decision to use a transitional attack, defensive to offensive starts with x2

A

Benefit analysis and determine if there is a life and a property value still worth saving( VTS ) P. 320

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64
Q

Water turning to steam when hitting a door is an indication of

A

High heat conditions on the opposite side of the door

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65
Q

The modified transitional attack defensive to offensive is used when

A

The fire has self vented through a window or door and should precede the interior direct attack.

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66
Q

The main objective of a transitional attack is to

A

Get fast water in the fire room tonight and reset the fire

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67
Q

What is a dual attack dual nozzle suppression ventilation system that accomplishes simultaneously all the tactical objectives mentioned above. It’s meant to be placed in to the window of fire room from the outside by a single firefighter one set in charge it can be left unattended

A

Hydro vent p. 321

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68
Q

Offensive to defense and transitional attack is

A

Rarely used p. 322

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69
Q

What attack is used when the building no longer has any savable value and when the GPM required to extinguish, the fires is more than headlines can supply

A

Defense attack p. 323

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70
Q

What fires are one of the most difficult and dangerous types of incidents that firefighters encounter but they don’t have to be

A

Basement fires

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71
Q

Basement fires can be one of the safest fires if we choose to implement what new tactic

A

Transitional and indirect ATTACK

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72
Q

Why are basement fires challenging and dangerous?

A

Because there’s only one or two entry points

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73
Q

In addition to limited access, the following factors also make basement fires dangerous:
‘’ stairs
Poorly maintained ‘’
‘’ with cues and conveyor rollers
Maze or LABYRINTH ‘’
Limited number of or no ‘’
Small or narrow ‘’
The nature of stock, product and other items ‘’ in basement
Low ‘’
‘’ heat and smoke buildup
‘’ heat and smoke
High concentrations of ‘’

A

Narrow stairs
Poorly maintained stairs
Stairs with cues and conveyor rollers
Maze or LABYRINTH floorplan
Limited number of or no windows
Small or narrow windows
The nature of stock, product and other items stored in basement
Low ceilings
Rapid heat and smoke buildup
Trapped heat and smoke
High concentrations of carbon monoxide

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74
Q

One of the realities facing the fire service today is the illegal ‘’’ labs that are often discovered in the basement of residential type homes because of a fire

A

Marijuana growing labs p. 337

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75
Q

UL/NIST research findings on chemical composition of smoke and other toxic gases release from modern fuel fires needs to be included in our ‘’ when determining the survivability profile of a occupant in a burning basement

A

Risk benefit analysis

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76
Q

Unfinished basement allow the fire to attack the floor above base because the floor joists are often constructed with ‘’.. in addition the lightweight galvanized ‘’ / ‘’ that support the floor, and we are exposed to the heat of the fire. These assemblies can collapse and as little as. ‘’ indirect flame contact.

A

Trust joints or I-beams, lightweight pre-fabricated wooden i beams

Lightweight galvanized, steel hangers, and gasket plates

2 to 5 minutes

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77
Q

What term describes it condition that the floor has weakened and is in danger of collapse

A

Spongy

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78
Q

What are the most dangerous parts of any structure due to the limited and reduced access?

A

Basements

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79
Q

The basement fire and the house ‘’ frame construction allows the fire to spread up the vertical channels of the wallsb that run from the basement all the way up into the attic unimpeded by any fire or horizontal barriers

A

Balloon frame p. 338

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80
Q

You should always suspect and expect that vintage or historical wood frame homes that are 100 years old or older have what type of frame construction

A

Balloon frame

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81
Q

Balloon frame construction started ‘’ and remained a popular construction method for multi story, wood frame buildings ‘’

A

1833- 1950s

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82
Q

As a reminder to check for presents of the basement at A to watch strategy

A

BRECEO.VS

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83
Q

A company officer should think ‘’ as they approach any structure to perform a 360° size up

A

BRECEO.VS

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84
Q

If the smoke fans briefly when the doors open because the back of pressure is being released and what begins to develop

A

flow path

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85
Q

Smoke exits through the top half of the door and a tunnel of clean air enters through the bottom half of the door below the neutral plane then the fire is probably on what level ‘’. This phenomenon is a ‘’ flow path and is sometimes referred to as ‘’’

A

The same level as the attack team

BI- Directional flow path
SmokE that has found balance

86
Q

If smoke rises and the door opens clear out and then begins to push fresh air through the entire doorway back into the building. Then this is an intake portal of a. ‘’’ flow path

A

Unidirectional, ( high - low )

87
Q

An intake of a unidirectional flow path indicates that the fire is probably on what floor

A

The floor above you were on the upper levels of the structure

88
Q

If steady smokes begins to flow out through the entire doorway from the foot plate to the top header exhaust port for a ‘’ flow path this means the fire is where. This type of flop path is the. ‘’ of basement fire. this is an extremely dangerous position to be in the pressure behind the floor path is generated by the fire.

A

unidirectional, fire is below you or on another level below the opening p. 239

Chimney

89
Q

If visibility at the entry door is bad then ‘’’ use a ‘’’ horrible flashlight to see what the smoke is doing, establish the direction of the smoke ‘’’, there is no movement. You are likely in a ‘’ or ‘’’

A

Stop don’t enter the building blind

Tic

Current or flow path

Dead end corridor, or below the fire floor

90
Q

In residential basement fires are progress of making entry through the first floor and down the stairs into the basement should be ‘’ except when ‘’’

A

Discontinued, last resort when civilian lives are at stake

91
Q

Two realistic questions need to be asked when dealing with basement fires what are they?

A

What is the condition of the underside of the stairs and can they handle the weight of the attack crew?( Impossible to know.)

Invisibility is zero to poor do firefighters rush forward into unknown areas they can’t see?

92
Q

What firefighter takes the brunt of the heat regarding basement fires?

A

The one on the line p. 340

93
Q

Sounding the floor checking for sponginess or sagging is not a reliable way to test for integrity of the floor what else is awesome not reliable

A

The use of a TIC to check for basement fires from the floor above p. 342

94
Q

Every effort should be made to utilize any exterior opening ‘’ for a fire attack to knock down the fire using end ‘’ / ‘’

A

Basement
Indirect or transitional attack

95
Q

What entering is preferred to entering from the first floor regarding basement?

A

Rear door entrance on the basement level

96
Q

Other options for basement attacks are

A

Inserting round nozzles
Distributor nozzles
Seller pipes, which can be inserted through windows or from the floor above p. 343

97
Q

What is a very effective and highly underutilized attack for a basement?

A

An indirect attack using seller pipes or similar

98
Q

In a sprinklered basement heads fuse at about ‘’

A

140- 165°( 60 to 73 Celsius)

99
Q

Interior temperatures would have to be at least what for water to convert to steam

A

212 p. 344

100
Q

High-level exposure to’‘is known to cause disorientation and compromise motor skills quickly, which have made it more difficult for firefighters to find a means of escape from a dwelling

A

Carbon monoxide

101
Q

If you look at older buildings, many have ‘’ but not the rest of the building

A

Sprinklers in the basement p.345

102
Q

What do officers need to perform to determine whether basements are saved to enter or whether to attack from the outside?

A

Risk benefit analysis p. 246

103
Q

What is a key element and controlling the fire by permitting the heat and smoke escape while allowing firefighters to advance the interior attack into the basement

A

Ventilation

104
Q

Know what should be used in a balloon frame construction during the fire attack

A

PPV fans, they will spread the fire everywhere

105
Q

PPV is very effective when you can

A

Control the exhaust portal and it is disastrous if you can’t p. 347

106
Q

Forcing the product of combustion out of the building through ‘’/’’ reduces the chance that they will create problems on the upper floors

A

Basement/1st floor

107
Q

Firefighter should avoid operating streams from opposite directions and action called ‘’’, a white fire attack must be insured

A

Opposing lines, coordinated

108
Q

If there are outside entrance, but no windows to the basement the situation becomes more difficult.. ‘’ streams from ‘’’ handline or portable monitors are needed

A

Solid streams from 2.5 inch lines 348

109
Q

If interior attacks are unattainable, and there are no advantageous exterior openings to fight the fire what can be used to smother large commercial basement fires?

A

High expansion foam developed in England during the 1950s to fight fires in coal mines( ultimate basement fires)

110
Q

Expansion form expand over ‘’ it’s original volume and is designed to fill entire spaces from the floor to ceiling, doing what ?

A

200 x’s
absorbing the heat and displacing the oxygen p. 349

111
Q

What openings from the basement to the first floor major channels for vertical spread of basement fires?

A

Stairways they must be covered as soon as possible

112
Q

What are signs confirming a significant basement fire?

A

Pressurize smoke pushing through cracks of foundations or sidewalks p. 350

113
Q

Heat and smoke don’t work at the same rate

A

Ventilate

114
Q

A good guideline is to keep an interior operation ‘’ minutes unless progress is made do not proceed any further over these floors

A

20 mins

115
Q

Type one noncombustible building has a ‘’ minute interior operation. Without progress.

A

25

116
Q

Vertical fire extension can occur when the fire jumps from Florida floor through the failure of exterior windows. This is called.

A

Auto exposure p. 351

117
Q

Controlling stairways is important for what reasons

A

Eliminate them as channels for vertical spread of fire and they keep them open for rescue operations

118
Q

Hose lines to upper floors may be advanced using the following methods

A

Standpipes
Ground ladders/ladders
Hoisting with ropes
Carrying them into the building and then connected to the standpipe
Window,Balcony, porch
Passing them up a window with the pipe pole

119
Q

In a stairway one ‘’ foot section must be allocated for each floor because so much length is taking up and winding around stairs and through hallways

A

50 foot p. 352

120
Q

What are limited specialized resources?

A

Aerial ladders

121
Q

What provide a significant tactical advantage for quick inefficient direct attack evolutions and thus get fast water on an incipient or growth stage fire as well as a full developed fire using a one and 1 3/4 inch/2 1/2 inch handline

A

Standpipes

122
Q

Every firefighter should expect a standby to be present in a building that is ‘’ stories or higher from ground level. This is required by the international fire and building code.

A

Four stories

123
Q

Every standpipe must have a ‘’ valve on the roof or just inside the top stair landing at roof level

A

top discharge

124
Q

In a four-story building, the stamp Pipe should be used if the fire is on floor ‘’’ or ‘’ or ‘’ if the fires below that then hose lines should be laid as if it were two-story building

A

3,4, roof

1-2 floors use a line from truck p. 353

125
Q

Low rise buildings are those that are less than what in height

A

75 feet

126
Q

Other structures where you can expect vertical and horizontal standpipes are

A

Warehouses
Sports stadiums
Shopping mall
Hospitals
Parking garages
Waterfront piers
Freeways
Bridges and tunnels

127
Q

The tactical objectives on the fire floor of a multi store building remain the same as in a one story building. What are they ?

A

Forcible entry
Fire attack line
Rapid intervention line
Back up line
Exposure line to the floor above
Search/rescue
Ventilation
Salvage and overhaul

128
Q

Regarding low rise buildings at a minimum how many hose lines need to be deployed

A

For

129
Q

Any low rise fire up to the seventh floor what should not be used during the initial attack set up?

A

Elevators

130
Q

Phase 2 elevator operations transfer

A

Firefighters fight
Air bottles
Equipment and EMS up to the staging floor

131
Q

The attack line and backup line should be connected to the standpipe on the floor’’ the fire using ?

A

Below the fire
Using 1.5 in gated wye or 2 1/2 in gated wye

132
Q

Using a 2 1/2 inch gated wye a number of combinations, including

A

Two 2 1/2 inch lines
One 2 1/2 inch line and two 1 3/4 inch lines coming off a 1.5 in gated wye
4 1 3/4 in lines coming off to 1.5 in gated wyes p. 354

133
Q

Wye configuration add tremendous amount of ‘’ weight to the stand Pipe discharge and should be supported with ? What is a better solution to this?

A

cantilevered
Webbing tied to the standpipe bracket
A pigtail that is 10 to 12 feet of 2 1/2 inch hose that connects to the stamp discharge valve

134
Q

Properly supplied the GPM flow from a 4 to 6 inch stand Pipe can easily flow ‘’ or more water and this is a reasonable expected flow

A

600 gallons per minute

135
Q

The hose flowing the most water is

A

The attack line

136
Q

A back up line or interior exposure line should

A

Not be flowing water unless needed

137
Q

wye’s can bleed the air out of standpipes ‘’ than a nozzle

A

Faster p. 355

138
Q

Fire and smoke entering the hallway means that as soon as an offense attack is initiated on the fire floor a ‘’ atmosphere created at the landing flames heat and smoke will immediately travel out the door and convection currents will rise up the stairway to the top floor is trapping any civilian occupants or firefighters who may be in the stairway above the fire floor

A

Low pressure

139
Q

If the top of the stairwell is vented a’’ can be created accelerating smoke and heat conditions in the stairwell

A

High low flow path chimney effect

140
Q

Incident command should announce that occupants should use a ‘’ or main in their units and shelter in place

A

Specific stairwell

141
Q

Entry is required to the fire floor. The door must be.

A

Controlled until the upper stairs are cleared p. 356

142
Q

Before the first four doors open a search team should. ‘’

A

Check the upper levels in the firefighting stairwell for evacuees

143
Q

If time allows exposure lines to the floor’’ should be placed

A

Exposure lines to the floor above the fire

144
Q

Exposure floor doors should be opened just enough to allow

A

Hoses to pass through the threshold to limit smoke from the stairwells p. 357

145
Q

Search teams should use what stairwells

A

Evacuation stairwells, not firefighter stairwells

146
Q

The firefighter must be used to the search crew should

A

Carry a set of irons in case they have to force anything

147
Q

Ideally, the seed in the fire should be hit with a ‘’ but if the room is involved then ‘’ should be used to cover all areas of the room, including the floor

A

Straight stream
T,O,Z patterns

148
Q

If the initial fire attack strategy has an extinguished a fire within the ‘‘M withdraw all interior cruise and prepare for defensive operations

A

20 minutes P. 359

149
Q

Remember ventilation without hose lines in place do what?

A

Accelerate and spread the fire

150
Q

There are two types of ventilation what are they?

A

Vertical and horizontal

151
Q

There are various methods to carry out vertical and horizontal ventilation. What are they?

A

Ventilating for fire control
Ventilating for life
Mechanical ventilation
Hydraulic ventilation
Natural ventilation

152
Q

What type of ventilation prevents smoke heat and fire gases from accumulating and baking down onto firefighters in occupants thus improving their survival ability profile

A

Vertical ventilation

153
Q

What is calculated of causing effect actions

A

ventilation P. 360

154
Q

Where are you cut the vertical hole becomes what

A

The path of lease resistance and smokE/ flames will be drawn towards that hole

155
Q

Trench cUts are made

A

Across the entire width of route, labor intensive in time consuming

156
Q

Vertical ventilation is best suited for:

A

Top floors, a multi story build
Attic spaces and cockLOFTS
Balloon frame construction
Single-story, commercial and residential structures
Trying to prevent back draft from occurring
Stairways shafts at another vertical spaces that terminate at the roof P. 361

157
Q

Ideally roof cutting operation should start at ‘’ that is closest to or direct directly’’ the fire as safety allows

A

Highest point, closest to

158
Q

Determining locations of the fire from the roof include:

A

Steam coming off a wet roof
A dry area over a wet roof
Melted snow
Bubbling tar
Increased smoke
Looking over the edge of the roof to check for locations
TIC

159
Q

The strongest part of the roof are

A

Corners
Exterior walls
Ridges
Valleys
Raptors
Hips

160
Q

What from the inspection hole tells you if you’re getting close to the fire and what you should you confirm with

A

Smoke, TIC P. 362

161
Q

Ladder should not be placed

A

Over windows or any openings where Fire can break out in Gulf the ladder

162
Q

Several type of vertical cuts include

A

Rectangular
Square
Triangle
Trench cut
Louver cut

163
Q

What is the most popular vertical ventilation cut for residential structures?

A

Louver cut( good for flat or pitch roof with plywood decking

164
Q

With any vertical ventilation evolution keep white at your back

A

The wind

165
Q

The first cut of the ventilation hole is a horizontal cut called’’ this card is made parallel to the ridge raptor towards the fire and away from the egress route stopping at the first raptor encountered .. THIS CU T IS MADE about 1 foot below the ridge

A

ID cut

166
Q

The second cut is the ‘’ OR ‘'’It should connect with the ID card and it is horizontally cut a wave from the fire and towards the egress route. This shouLD roll one rafter and stop at the next one.

A

Top cut or head cut

167
Q

The third cut is a’’ starting just inside the outside raptor closest to the fire and farther from the egress route cut down about how many feet

A

Down cut, 4 feet

168
Q

The fifth cut is a vertical ‘’ completing the first louver, this is made on the fireside of the raptor

A

Down cut

169
Q

Use ‘’ to ‘’ the louver towards the ‘’

A

Rubbish hook
Punch down
Fire

170
Q

Firefighters should not reach down or put their face into

A

Ventilation HOLE P. 362

171
Q

What uses windows doors on the fire floor and floors above as entry and supporters to accomplish the same objective as vertical evaluation

A

Horizontal ventilation

172
Q

Horizontal ventilation needs to be coordinated by

A

Ladder companies or outside team

173
Q

What stain window is closer to the seat of the fire than a window that has water drop was running down it

A

Black stained, cracked window

174
Q

Once horizontal flop path is established with a hose line in place what can be set up at the entries of doors to speed up the process

A

PPV fans

175
Q

What can create the same conditions as PPV fans?

A

Straight stream across the fire room and horizontal sweep halfway between the ceiling and the floor

176
Q

The only time when horizontal ventilation should not occur as when

A

A building is over pressurized with high heat and smoke presenting classic conditions for back draft

177
Q

Ventilating for firefighter safety occurs when

A

Ventilation plans originally designed for fire control is not working in interior crew are taking a beating P. 364

178
Q

The most routine example of venting for life is

A

The V EIS( vent enter isolate search)

179
Q

Breaking all windows and forcing as many doors as possible to create exit that permit the escape and removal of viable victims is a procedure called

A

Venting for life P. 365

180
Q

What ventilation uses electric smoky ejector gas and electric PPV fans or blowers and building exhaust fans and heating ventilating andHVAC

A

MECHANICAL VENTILATION

181
Q

What units can range from 18 inches to 27 inches and deliver 7000 to 24,000 CFM OF AIR

A

PPV fans

182
Q

What enhances in speed of the process of horizontal ventilation by pressurizing the structure and creating a flow path that can be directed by the ventilation team by establishing an exhaust portal as close as possible to the seat of the fire

A

Mechanical ventilation PPV fans

183
Q

What is typically an exhaust portal?

A

A window

184
Q

If the inside pressure is higher than the outside atmospheric pressure, the positive pressure seeks

A

The path of least resistance in an effort to equalize taking smoke with it

185
Q

How far away from the door do you set up? PPB fans?

A

8 to 15 feet from the front door P. 366

186
Q

Firefighters should always be between ‘’ never between ‘’

A

The fan and the fire
Never between the fire and the exhaust portal

187
Q

What is the first action the nozzle firefighter should take after knocking down and extinguishing the fire to remove smoke and heat from the fire room it is best accomplished with a combination spray nozzle using a 60° fog pattern placed about 2 to 4 feet from the windowsill the fog pad should cover about 85 to 90% of the window

A

Hydraulic ventilation

188
Q

Ventilation, unlimited fires need only what to continue the combustion process and can be reignited with explosive force

A

Fresh air

189
Q

A small fire can be’’’’

A

Vent limited or fuel limited

190
Q

DECAY stage fires are usually

A

Fuel limited, meaning that there may be unlimited air, but the combustion fuel has already been consumed by the fire, and no more thermal energy is being produced

191
Q

A fire that has burned itself out with oxygen is a

A

decay Staged fire p. 367

192
Q

Ventilation limited is a relatively new term for the Fire service. It is a common term to describe fires.

A

Still smoldering

193
Q

There are two types of smothering fires what are they?

A

One that can occur on the inclined side of the standard time temperature curve when temperatures are high, and there is still plenty of fuel available to burn

One on the declined side of the curve when temperatures are cooling, and the majority of the fuel have been consumed

194
Q

The two types of smothering fires both involved and are found in ?

A

Ventilation, limited or oxygen deficient atmospheres, and are often found in well sealed well insulated homes that ran out of oxygen

195
Q

When a window fails and ventilation, limited compartment and unlimited supply of oxygen is available for the fire to grow initially, a secondary growth stage and ‘’ occurs before fire department arrives

A

Flashover p. 368

196
Q

Ventilation limited smoldering fires can be indicated by one or more of the following conditions
Smoke is visible, but little or no ‘’ visible from the outside
Smoke rises ‘’ indicating it’s ‘’
Building is tightly ‘’ with windows and doors
Smoke leaves the building under ‘’
Smoke is , ‘’ or dirty, ‘’ and color
Windows are ‘’ , or stain from carbon deposits
Signs of extreme ‘’
All windows are ‘’ or ‘’’
Smoke ‘’ building and appears to be ‘’ back in

This is a list of pre-back draft conditions

A

Smoke is visible, but little or no fires visible from the outside
Smoke rises rapidly indicating it’s hot
Building is tightly sealed with windows and doors
Smoke leaves the building under pressure
Smoke is , yellow or dirty, brown and color
Window are darkened or stain from carbon deposits
Signs of extreme heat
All windows are darkened or cracked
Smoke exits building and appears to be sucked back in

197
Q

Ventilation limited smoldering fire has sufficient

A

Heat and fuel to become free burning

198
Q

Not every ventilation limited fire is a Backdraft condition, but every Backdraft situation is

A

Ventilation limited smoldering fire, and it must be vented before it is attacked that is the carbon monoxide must be cleared from the building before air is allowed to enter

199
Q

A Backdraft can occur naturally when a window fails due to excessive heat and pressurized smoke or by accident when a firefighter

A

Open or closes a door or breaks a window for ventilation

200
Q

What is a high temperature event caused by sudden introduction of oxygen into an enclosure where superheated smoke gases and contents are at or above their ignition temperature 1200° but previously did not have sufficient oxygen to burn. The rush of fresh air causes sudden explosive ignition of fire gases.

A

Backdraftp. 369

201
Q

Backdraft typically occurs during what stage of the fire

A

decay

202
Q

Signs of potential back drafts include
Extreme heat more than ‘’
‘’ windows frames melted siding
No smoke’’
Confined fire with a large ‘’
No’’ flame from the exterior of the building
Red flame in the’’ of the smoke
‘’ from seams and cracks around windows
‘’’, pushing out under pressure, cracks, and seams
Smoke stained ‘’
‘’ smoke
Thick, yellow, brown, or yellowish gray smoke

A

Extreme heat more than 1200°
Melted windows frames melted siding
No smoke showing
Confined fire with a large heat buildup
No visible flame from the exterior of the building
Red flame in the thin of the smoke
Puffing from seams and cracks around windows
Heavy black smoke, pushing out under pressure, cracks, and seams
Smoke stained windows
Turbulent smoke
Thick, yellow, brown, or yellowish gray smoke

203
Q

When a Backdraft condition exists, Fire apartments have no choice but to

A

Ventilate the structure

204
Q

There are two basic strategies to prevent, which are

A

Vent vertically at the highest point

2 - much more dangerous is to get the structure horizontally from a safe distance with a 2 1/2 inch hose line p. 370

205
Q

What may not occur in a vent limited or oxygen deficient fire?

A

Flashover

206
Q

Typically, what occurs during the decay stage of fire that is on the decline side of the time temperature Fire has already used up. It’s available oxygen and incomplete combustion is occurring or has occurred.

A

Smoke explosion

207
Q

What occurs when a mixture of carbon monoxide, flammable gases and oxygen is presented usually in a void space or other pocket area similar in the fire room

A

Smoke explosion

208
Q

Conditions needed to produce a smoke explosion option include

A

Void
Combustible building materials
Ventilation controlled fire that produces unburnt fuel
Relatively cool temperatures in an ignition source
p. 371

209
Q

A smoldering fire must be ventilated before

A

It is attacked. That is the carbon monoxide must be cleared from the building before air is allowed to enter it p. 372

210
Q

After the gas, hot air and smoke are released from the building outside air will enter and cause the previously smoldering building to burst into flames. this is a sign that

A

Ventilation is complete

211
Q

Regarding smoke explosions when should the initial direct attack begin?

A

After ventilation p. 373

212
Q
A

Engine company 4th ed (14 decks)

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