Chapter 10 Flashcards
Initial fire attack and ventilation
1
Q
Incorporate the findings of the UL/NIst experiments for initial fire attack, Three major strategies and tactics needed to be modified or implemented what are they
TA
Bf
CV
A
Transitional attack
Our approach to basement fires
Coordinate ventilation
2
Q
When a fire has self vented through the window or a door and indirect attack or a ‘’ should preceded the interior attack
A
Transitional attack ( from the outside spray water through the window or door for 15 to 20 seconds nozzle should be set for a straight stream)
3
Q
A straight stream will not PUSH THE ‘’’ INTO THE REST OF THE STRUCTURE IT WILL ‘’’
A
Push the fire into the rest of the structure and it will bounce off the walls ceilings
4
Q
Using a straight stream and bouncing the water off ceiling, deflecting off top window, headers or off the walls or aim at the seat of the fire if angle permits….
this technique is often referred to as’’’’’’’
A
softening the target or hitting it hard from the yard
5
Q
Straight stream also permits ‘’ VENTILATON
A
Natural ventilation
6
Q
What stream takes up very little surface area of open window so fire gases are allowed to escape
A
Straight stream
7
Q
’’’ means Stopping the fire growth momentum, and pushing it back to where it was in the incipient stage or early growth stage
A
Resetting the fire
8
Q
Regarding basement, what practice should be discontinued, except as a last resort
A
Making entry through the first floor and down the stairs into the basement p. 311
9
Q
Opening the door from the first floor to the basement what can be created?
A
A flow path similar to a chimney
10
Q
Convected high temperature occurrence with high flow paths can travel with great speeds and generate temperature as well over
A
1000° NOT
11
Q
Regarding basement fires, every effort should be made to use
A
Exterior openings to the basement for fire attack and knock down the fire
12
Q
What is preferred entry regarding basement fires?
A
Rear door p. 311
13
Q
ul/nist test results have already proven that immediate application of water reduces interior temperatures, and fast water without’’ Positively effects the inside environment
A
Ventilation
14
Q
UL/ NIST tests have already proven that the immediate application of water reduces the interior temperatures and fast water without ventilation has positive effects on the inside environment.. The same test have also proven that when ventilation takes place b4 hose lines are in position for a quick water application there is an immediate release of heat but the newly established flow path creates ‘’’
A
Air movement and increases the intensity of the fire
15
Q
Remember ventilation always creates ‘’ the movement of air always intensify the ‘’’
A
Flop path, fire
16
Q
Water ‘’ , then ‘’
A
Water first then vent
17
Q
Ventilation without water applications makes the fire
A
Worst
18
Q
Immediate water application into the fire through a self vented window or door by the fastest means possible does what ?
A
Improves the situation
19
Q
With double triple pane windows, a well insulated house can deprive the fire of ‘’’ putting it into what state?
A
Oxygen, vent limited
20
Q
A sudden introduction of fresh air in a ventilation limited building often cause by ‘’’ may cause a
A
First in attack team, may cause rapidfire growth, sudden Backdraft or flashover p. 312
21
Q
When the content in a room has absorbed all the energy it can withstand from the fire it reaches its ‘’ and what occurs ‘’
A
Ignition temperature, flashover occurs
22
Q
What is a rapid transition from the growth stage to a fully developed stage the entire contents of Neight simultaneously releasing a tremendous amount of energy and generating intense heating flames
A
Flashover p. 313
23
Q
The threshold temperature for a flashover to occur is approximately
A
1000° NOT
24
Q
During flashover floor temperatures may be as high as what
A
Ceiling temperatures
25
Flashovers Are less likely to occur a fire in a ''
Large room with sw/ high ceilings in a condition that supplies more air during fire development
26
With larger ceilings, it takes longer for accumulated '''
Heat to Radiate back down to other fuels at the floor level ( flashover may not occur)
27
Firefighter PPE is rated to withstand temperatures up to
500° ( cannot survive more than 10 to 15 in flashover) NOT
28
To account for reaction time firefighters have to be between '' from an exit or any chance of survival
6 to 10 feet NOT
29
Although primary objective of initial attack lines and direct attack is to extinguish the fire, the first priority should be to Prevent ''' from occurring by using water effectively
flashoveR
30
What can be prevented by cooling the fuel with water cooling the ceiling atmosphere with water which reduces the temperature of the gases, removing the fuel and reducing the amount of oxygen presented by control and ventilation
Flashover
31
Introducing oxygen in to a ventilation limited fire can result in
Explosive fire growth
32
Firefighters making entry into the front door structure can introduce enough air into the fire to produce rapidfire growth and flashover. This change can occur withiN HOW MANY MINS ?
Two minutes and can proceed so fast it is impossible for firefighters to escape p. 314 NOT
33
'' should conduct
360° size up
risk benefit analysis
Determine value time and size(VTS)
Consider IF enough water and personnel are available( resources)
: before the decision is made to allow FF to enter the building to conduct an aggressive interior attack
Incident command
34
What does VTS stand for?
Value
Time
Size P 315
35
outcome at the fire ground depends to a great extent on the effectiveness of the
Initial attack
36
If there is any chance that a fire building is occupied and a interior attack is possible, the fire should be knocked down from '' then fought from ''
Outside, within
37
What are the five basic fire attack strategies?
D
I
C
T
D
Direct attack
Indirect attack
Combination attack
Transitional attack
Defense attack
38
A '' attack should be used during the incipient stage and growth stage of a fire can also be used during most free burning stages, but not all of them..
Direct attack
39
And most offensive fire attack situation what attack is A preferred method?
Direct attack
40
What is the shortest way of controlling the fire and minimizing the danger to occupants?
Direct attack
41
Direct attack is one in which a pre-connected '''X 3 hose line with a '' X2 is used to attack the fire
1 3/4 inch, 2 inch, 2 1/2 inch
Solid smooth boar or a
Straight stream combination nozzle
42
Using the reach of a whole stream, the nozzle firefighter should work the nozzle at all the areas involved and fire using a steady, X3 patterns to cover the entire room
Z, T OR O
43
HittinG the center area of the room from side to side using a steady''' breaks out any windows in the room, allowing for ''
Straight stream,
Immediate ventilation
44
Most solid fuel loads are at what level
Floor level
45
The best way to save the maximum number of lives is to put the fire out with a quick aggressive
DIRECT Attack
46
''' attack is one in which is solid straight or narrow fog stream is used to deliver water at the ceiling to cool superheated gases in the upper levels of the room the objective is to prevent flashover by removing heat from the upper atmospheres. The water to flex and bounces off the ceiling into droplets and it is converted to steam and expand. '' times its volume absorbs as much greater amount of heat
Indirect attack, 1700 times P. 318
47
The disadvantage of an'' attack is that the water to steam expansion ratio is capable of causing steam burns to firefighters and victims because of this it is not RECOMMENED WHERE ''' MAY BE LOCATED
Indirect attack
Recommended where victims may be located
48
What is the boiling point of water?
212° NOT
49
When the area has been cooled down to what temp '' steam production stop and firefighters feel and hear the waterfall on the roof
212° NOT
50
Once ventilation is taking place, the operation should be changed from '' attack to '' attack for final extinguishment
Indirect, direct P. 318
51
What nozzles are excellent methods to carry an '''.
Piercing nozzle
Fog applicator
Distributor nozzle
Using the ''' is best suited for what type of compartments:
Storage areAS
Basements
ATTICS
Cock lofts
Wall spaces
Other concealed spaces
indirect attack
specialty nozzles
52
Once smoke hits '' barriers, they start to spread horizontally until they reach ''' barriers then they''' and worked their way down to ''
vertical ,lateral, mushroom, floor
53
There are three types of high-rise buildings. What are they?
CO
H
A/C
Commercial offices
Hotels
Residential Apartments / condominiums
54
Residential high-rises are often
Sprinkler
55
What can be deadly and I residential high-rise fire?
Wind
56
Remember, high-pressure always see'' and moves towards'' in an attempt to equalize
Path of resistance, low pressure P. 319
57
If the wind is less '' miles per hour multiple positive pressure fans can be set up in hallways or at the entry of the fire unit to keep the wind at the back of the fire crew while it's members overHall the fire
25 MPH NOT
58
Depending on floor construction, what two nozzles can be inserted into the fire unit from the floor above using the same tactics for an indirect attack on a basement fire, cellar fire, pier fire .
Piercing nozzle
Bresnan distributor nozzle
59
What attacked uses both direct and indirect methods one after another
Combination
60
Stream for a one and 3/4 inch handle can easily reach
70 to 80 feet p. 320
61
There are two types of transitional attacks what are they?
Defensive to offensive
Offensive to defensive p. 320
62
New terms and response to UL/NIST recommendations, softening the target and hitting it hard from the yard for to this type of '' attack
Transitional Attack defensive to offensive
63
Decision to use a transitional attack, defensive to offensive starts with x2
Benefit analysis and determine if there is a life and a property value still worth saving( VTS ) P. 320
64
Water turning to steam when hitting a door is an indication of
High heat conditions on the opposite side of the door
65
The modified transitional attack defensive to offensive is used when The fire has ''' through a window or door and should precede the interior direct attack
self vented.
66
The main objective of a transitional attack is to
Get fast water in the fire room and reset the fire
67
What is a dual attack dual nozzle suppression ventilation system that accomplishes simultaneously all the tactical objectives mentioned above. It's meant to be placed in to the window of fire room from the outside by a single firefighter one set in charge it can be left unattended.. THIS IS TRULY A TRANSITIONAL ATTACK NOZZLE.
Hydro vent p. 321
68
Offensive to defense transitional attack is '''' used
Rarely used p. 322
69
What attack is used when the building no longer has any savable value and when the GPM required to extinguish, the fires is more than headlines can supply
Defense attack p. 323
70
What fires are one of the most difficult and dangerous types of incidents that firefighters encounter but they don't have to be
Basement fires
71
Basement fires can be one of the safest fires if we choose to implement what new ATTACK ? TYPE OFFF ... x2
Transitional and indirect ATTACK
72
Why are basement fires challenging and dangerous?
Because there's only one or two entry points
73
In addition to limited access, the following factors also make'''' fires dangerous:
Narrow stairs
Poorly maintained stairs
Stairs with cues and conveyor rollers
Maze or LABYRINTH floorplan
Limited number of or no windows
Small or narrow windows
The nature of stock, product and other items stored in basement
Low ceilings
Rapid heat and smoke buildup
Trapped heat and smoke
High concentrations of carbon monoxide
basement
74
One of the realities facing the fire service today is the illegal ''' labs that are often discovered in the basement of residential type homes because of a fire
Marijuana growing labs p. 337
75
UL/NIST research findings on chemical composition of smoke and other toxic gases release from modern fuel fires needs to be included in our '' when determining the survivability profile of a occupant in a burning basement
Risk benefit analysis
76
Unfinished basement allow the fire to attack the floor above base because the floor joists are often constructed with ''.. in addition the lightweight galvanized '' / '' that support the floor, and we are exposed to the heat of the fire. These assemblies can collapse and as little as. '' indirect flame contact.
Trust joints or I-beams, lightweight pre-fabricated wooden i beams
Lightweight galvanized, steel hangers, and gasket plates
2 to 5 minutes
77
What term describes it condition that the floor has weakened and is in danger of collapse
Spongy
78
What are the most dangerous parts of any structure due to the limited and reduced access?
Basements
79
The basement fire and the house '' frame construction allows the fire to spread up the vertical channels of the wallsb that run from the basement all the way up into the attic unimpeded by any fire or horizontal barriers
Balloon frame p. 338
80
You should always suspect and expect that vintage or historical wood frame homes that are 100 years old or older have what type of frame construction
Balloon frame
81
Balloon frame construction started '' and remained a popular construction method for multi story, wood frame buildings ''
1833- 1950s
82
As a reminder to check for presents of the basement add a B to what strategy ?
BRECEO.VS
83
A company officer should think '' as they approach any structure to perform a 360° size up
BRECEO.VS
84
When you first open the door to make entry into a structure, watch to see what the smoke does.. If the smoke thins briefly when the doors open because the backup pressure is being released than what is beginning to develop?
flow path
85
Smoke exits through the top half of the door and a tunnel of clean air enters through the bottom half of the door below the neutral plane then the fire is probably on what level ''. This phenomenon is a '' flow path and is sometimes referred to as '''
The same level as the attack team
BI- Directional flow path
SmokE that has found balance
86
If smoke rises and the door opening clears out smoke and then begins to push fresh air through the entire doorway back into the building... this is an intake portal of a. ''' flow path
Unidirectional, ( high - low )
87
An intake of a unidirectional flow path indicates that the fire is probably on what floor...
If the smoke rises and the door opening clears out and then begins to pull fresh air through the entire doorway back into the building, and this is an intake portal of a unidirectional flow...
The floor above you were on the upper levels of the structure
88
If steady smokes begins to flow out through the entire doorway from the foot plate to the top header exhaust port for a '' flow path this means the fire is where. This type of flop path is the. '' of basement fire. this is an extremely dangerous position to be in the pressure behind the floor path is generated by the fire.
unidirectional, fire is below you or on another level below the opening p. 239
Chimney
89
If visibility at the entry door is bad then ''' .. Use a ''''' to see what the smoke is doing, establish the direction of the smoke '''.. If there is no movement. You are likely in a '' or '''
Stop don't enter the building blind
Tic
Current or flow path
Dead end corridor, or below the fire floor
90
In residential basement fires are progress of making entry through the first floor and down the stairs into the basement should be '' except when '''
Discontinued, last resort when civilian lives are at stake
91
Two realistic questions needed to be asked when dealing with '' fires:
What is the condition of the underside of the stairs and can they handle the weight of the attack crew?( Impossible to know.)
Invisibility is zero to poor do firefighters rush forward into unknown areas they can't see?
basement
92
What firefighter takes the brunt of the heat regarding basement fires?
The one on the line p. 340
93
Sounding the floor checking for sponginess or sagging is not a reliable way to test for integrity of the floor what else is also USING '' to check basement fires from the floow above ..
The use of a TIC p. 342
94
Every effort should be made to utilize any exterior opening regarding '' fires... Use what attack methods to knock down '' x2
Basement
Indirect or transitional attack
95
What entering is preferred to entering from the first floor regarding basement?
Rear door entrance on the basement level
96
Other options for basement attacks are
Inserting round nozzles
Distributor nozzles
Seller pipes, which can be inserted through windows or from the floor above p. 343
97
What is a very effective and highly underutilized attack for a basement?
An indirect attack using celler pipes or similar
98
In a sprinklered basement heads fuse at about ''
140- 165°( 60 to 73 Celsius)
99
Interior temperatures would have to be at least what for water to convert to steam
212 p. 344
100
High-level exposure to''is known to cause disorientation and compromise motor skills quickly, which have made it more difficult for firefighters to find a means of escape from a dwelling
Carbon monoxide
101
If you look at older buildings, many have '' but not the rest of the building
Sprinklers in the basement p.345
102
What do officers need to perform to determine whether basements are saved to enter or whether to attack from the outside?
Risk benefit analysis p. 246
103
What is a key element in controlling the fire by permitting the heat and smoke to escape while allowing firefighters to advance the interior attack into the basement
Ventilation
104
what should not be used in a balloon frame construction during the fire attack
PPV fans, they will spread the fire everywhere
105
PPV is very effective when you can CONTROL WHAT ??
Control the exhaust portal and it is disastrous if you can't p. 347
106
Forcing the product of combustion out of the building through ''/'' reduces the chance that they will create problems on the upper floors
Basement/1st floor
107
Firefighter should avoid operating streams from opposite directions an action called ''' lines
A '' fire attack must be insured
Opposing lines, coordinated
108
If there are outside entrance, but no windows to the basement the situation becomes more difficult.. '' streams from ''' handline or portable monitors are needed
Solid streams from 2.5 inch lines 348
109
If interior attacks are unattainable, and there are no advantageous exterior openings to fight the fire what can be used to smother large commercial basement fires?
High expansion foam developed in England during the 1950s to fight fires in coal mines( ultimate basement fires)
110
Expansion foam expands over '' it's original volume and is designed to fill entire spaces from the floor to ceiling, doing what ?
200 x's
absorbing the heat and displacing the oxygen p. 349 NOT
111
What openings from the basement to the first floor is a major channels for vertical spread of basement fires?
Stairways they must be covered as soon as possible
112
Pressurize smoke pushing through cracks of foundations or sidewalkS are signs confirming a significant ''' fire? 350
basement
113
Heat and smoke don't ''' at the same rate
Ventilate
114
A good guideline is to keep an interior operation '' minutes unless progress is made do not proceed any further over these floors
20 mins
115
Type one noncombustible building has a '' minute interior operation. Without progress. EVERY OTHER CONSTURCTION TYPE SHOULD STICK WITH A '' MIN INTERIOR OPT
25 not
116
Vertical fire extension can occur when the fire jumps from Floor to floor through the failure of exterior windows. This is called.
Auto exposure p. 351
117
Controlling stairways is important for what reasons
Eliminate them as channels for vertical spread of fire and they keep them open for rescue operations
118
Advancing hose lines to ''' floors using the following methods :
Standpipes
Ground ladders/ladders
Hoisting with ropes
Carrying them into the building and then connected to the standpipe
Window,Balcony, porch
Passing them up a window with the pipe pole
upper
119
In a stairway one '' foot section of hose must be allocated for each floor because so much length is taking up and winding around stairs and through hallways
50 foot p. 352
120
What are limited specialized resources?
Aerial ladders
121
'''' provide a significant tactical advantage for quick inefficient direct attack evolutions and thus get fast water on an incipient or growth stage fire as well as a full developed fire using a one and 1 3/4 inch/2 1/2 inch handline
Standpipes
122
Every firefighter should expect a standpipe to be present in a building that is '' stories or higher from ground level. This is required by the international fire and building code.
Four stories
123
Every standpipe must have a '' valve on the roof or just inside the top stair landing at roof level
top discharge
124
In a four-story building, the stamd Pipe should be used if the fire is on floor ''' or '' or '' if the fires below that then hose lines should be laid as if it were two-story building
3,4,
1-2 floors use a line from truck p. 353
125
Low rise buildings are those that are less than what in height
75 feet
126
Other structures where you can expect ''' and '' standpipes are:
Warehouses
Sports stadiums
Shopping mall
Hospitals
Parking garages
Waterfront piers
Freeways
Bridges and tunnels
vertical and horizontal
127
The'' on the fire floor of a multi store building remain the same as in a one story building:
Forcible entry
Fire attack line
Rapid intervention line
Back up line
Exposure line to the floor above
Search/rescue
Ventilation
Salvage and overhaul
tactical objectives
128
Regarding low rise buildings at a minimum how many hose lines need to be deployed
For
129
Any low rise fire up to the seventh floor what should not be used during the initial attack set up?
Elevators
130
Phase '' elevator operations transfer:
Firefighters fight
Air bottles
Equipment and EMS up to the staging floor
Phase 2
131
The attack line and backup line should be connected to the standpipe on the floor'' the fire using ?
Below the fire
Using 1.5 in gated wye or 2 1/2 in gated wye
132
Using a 2 1/2 inch gated wye a number of combinations, including
Two 2 1/2 inch lines
One 2 1/2 inch line and two 1 3/4 inch lines coming off a 1.5 in gated wye
4 1 3/4 in lines coming off to 1.5 in gated wyes p. 354
133
Wye configuration add tremendous amount of '' weight to the stand Pipe discharge and should be supported with ? What is a better solution to this?
cantilevered
Webbing tied to the standpipe bracket
A pigtail that is 10 to 12 feet of 2 1/2 inch hose that connects to the stamp discharge valve
134
Properly supplied the GPM flow from a 4 to 6 inch stand Pipe can easily flow '' or more water and this is a reasonable expected flow
600 gallons per minute
135
The hose flowing the most water is
The attack line
136
A back up line or interior exposure line should not be
Not be flowing water unless needed
137
wye's can bleed the air out of standpipes '' than a nozzle
Faster p. 355
138
Fire and smoke entering the hallway means that as soon as an offense attack is initiated on the fire floor a '' atmosphere created at the landing flames heat and smoke will immediately travel out the door and convection currents will rise up the stairway to the top floor is trapping any civilian occupants or firefighters who may be in the stairway above the fire floor
Low pressure
139
If the top of the stairwell is vented a'' can be created accelerating smoke and heat conditions in the stairwell
High low flow path chimney effect
140
Incident command should announce that occupants should use a '' or remain in their units and shelter in place
Specific stairwell
141
Entry is required to the fire floor. The door must be.
Controlled until the upper stairs are cleared p. 356
142
Before the fire floor doors open a search team should CHECK WHAT ?
Check the upper levels in the firefighting stairwell for evacuees
143
If time allows exposure lines should be added to the floor'' the fire ?
above the fire
144
Exposure floor doors should be opened just enough to allow
Hoses to pass through the threshold to limit smoke from the stairwells p. 357
145
Search teams should use what stairwells
Evacuation stairwells, not firefighter stairwells
146
The firefighter stairways must be used the search crew should carry ??
a set of irons in case they have to force anything
147
Ideally, the seed in the fire should be hit with a '' STREAM but if the room is involved then '' X3 PATTERNS should be used to cover all areas of the room, including the floor
Straight stream
T,O,Z patterns
148
If the initial fire attack strategy has an extinguished a fire within the ''M withdraw all interior cruise and prepare for defensive operations
20 minutes P. 359
149
Remember ventilation without hose lines in place does what?
Accelerate and spread the fire
150
There are two types of ventilation what are they?
Vertical and horizontal
151
There are various methods to carry out vertical and horizontal ventilation. What are they?
VFC
VFL
MV
HV
NV
Ventilating for fire control
Ventilating for life
Mechanical ventilation
Hydraulic ventilation
Natural ventilation
152
What type of ventilation prevents smoke heat and fire gases from accumulating and baking down onto firefighters in occupants thus improving their survival ability profile
Vertical ventilation
153
What is calculated Balance of cause and effect actions
ventilation P. 360
154
Where you cut the vertical hole becomes what
The path of lease resistance and smokE/ flames will be drawn towards that hole
155
Trench cUts are made
Across the entire width of roofs, labor intensive in time consuming
156
'''' ventilation is best suited for:
Top floors, of a multi story build
Attic spaces and cockLOFTS
Balloon frame construction
Single-story, commercial and residential structures
Trying to prevent back draft from occurring
Ventilating stairways, shafts atrium and other vertical spaces that terminate at the roof P. 361
Vertical
157
Ideally roof cutting operation should start at '' that is closest to or direct directly'' the fire as safety allows
Highest point, closest to
158
Determining locations of the fire from the '' include:
Steam coming off a wet roof
A dry area over a wet roof
Melted snow
Bubbling tar
Increased smoke
Looking over the edge of the roof to check for locations
TIC
roof
159
The '''' partS of the roof are:
Corners
Exterior walls
Ridges
Valleys
Raftors
Hips
strongest
160
What from the inspection hole tells you if you're getting close to the fire and what you should you confirm with
Smoke, TIC P. 362
161
Ladder should not be placed
Over windows or any openings where Fire can break out in Gulf the ladder
162
Several type of '' cuts include:
Rectangular
Square
Triangle
Trench cut
Louver cut
vertical
163
What is the most popular vertical ventilation cut for residential structures?
Louver cut( good for flat or pitch roof with plywood decking
164
With any vertical ventilation evolution keep white at your back
The wind
165
The first cut of the ventilation hole is a horizontal cut called'' this card is made parallel to the ridge raptor towards the fire and away from the egress route stopping at the first raptor encountered .. THIS CU T IS MADE about 1 foot below the ridge
ID cut
166
regarding louver cuts The second cut is the '' OR '''It should connect with the ID cut and it is horizontally cut away from the fire and towards the egress route. This shouLD roll one rafter and stop at the next one.
Top cut or head cut
167
The third cut is a'' starting just inside the outside raptor closest to the fire and farther from the egress route cut down about how many feet ''
Down cut, 4 feet
168
The fifth cut is a vertical '' completing the first louver, this is made on the fireside of the raftor
Down cut
169
Use '' to '' the louver towards the ''
Rubbish hook
Punch down
Fire
170
Firefighters should not reach down or put their face into
Ventilation HOLE P. 362
171
What uses windows doors on the fire floor and floors above as entry and supporters to accomplish the same objective as vertical evaluation
Horizontal ventilation
172
Horizontal ventilation needs to be coordinated by
Ladder companies or outside team
173
What stain window is closer to the seat of the fire than a window that has water drop was running down it
Black stained, cracked window
174
Once horizontal flop path is established with a hose line in place what can be set up at the entries of doors to speed up the process
PPV fans
175
What can create the same conditions as PPV fans?
Straight stream across the fire room and horizontal sweep halfway between the ceiling and the floor
176
A building is over pressurized with high heat and smoke presenting classic conditions for back draft is the only time when '''' ventilation should not occur is when
horizontal
177
Ventilating for firefighter safety occurs when
Ventilation plans originally designed for fire control is not working in interior crew are taking a beating P. 364
178
The most routine example of venting for life is
The V EIS( vent enter isolate search)
179
Breaking all windows and forcing as many doors as possible to create exit that permit the escape and removal of viable victims is a procedure called
Venting for life P. 365
180
What ventilation uses electric smoky ejector gas and electric PPV fans or blowers and building exhaust fans and heating ventilating andHVAC
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
181
What units can range from 18 inches to 27 inches and deliver 7000 to 24,000 CFM OF AIR
PPV fans
182
What enhances in speed of the process of horizontal ventilation by pressurizing the structure and creating a flow path that can be directed by the ventilation team by establishing an exhaust portal as close as possible to the seat of the fire
Mechanical ventilation PPV fans
183
What is typically an exhaust portal?
A window
184
If the inside pressure is higher than the outside atmospheric pressure, the positive pressure seeks
The path of least resistance in an effort to equalize taking smoke with it
185
How far away from the door do you set up? PPB fans?
8 to 15 feet from the front door P. 366 not
186
Firefighters should always be between '' never between ''
The fan and the fire
Never between the fire and the exhaust portal
187
What is the first action the nozzle firefighter should take after knocking down and extinguishing the fire to remove smoke and heat from the fire room it is best accomplished with a combination spray nozzle using a 60° fog pattern placed about 2 to 4 feet from the windowsill the fog pad should cover about 85 to 90% of the window
Hydraulic ventilation
188
Ventilation, unlimited fires need only what to continue the combustion process and can be reignited with explosive force
Fresh air
189
A small fire can be''''or ''' limited
Vent limited or fuel limited
190
DECAY stage fires are usually '' regarding fuel
Fuel limited, meaning that there may be unlimited air, but the combustion fuel has already been consumed by the fire, and no more thermal energy is being produced
191
A fire that has burned itself out with oxygen is a
decay Staged fire p. 367
192
Ventilation limited is a relatively new term for the Fire service. It is a common term to describe fires.
Still smoldering
193
There are two types of ''' fires what are they?
One that can occur on the inclined side of the standard time temperature curve when temperatures are high, and there is still plenty of fuel available to burn
One on the declined side of the curve when temperatures are cooling, and the majority of the fuel have been consumed
smothering
194
The two types of smothering fires both involved and are found in '' OR '' and are often found in well sealed well insulated homes that ran out of oxygen
Ventilation, limited or oxygen deficient atmospheres,
195
When a window fails and ventilation, limited compartment and unlimited supply of oxygen is available for the fire to grow initially, a secondary growth stage and '' occurs before fire department arrives
Flashover p. 368
196
'''' smoldering fires can be indicated by one or more of the following conditions:
Smoke is visible, but little or no fires visible from the outside
Smoke rises rapidly indicating it's hot
Building is tightly sealed with windows and doors
Smoke leaves the building under pressure
Smoke is , yellow or dirty, brown and color
Window are darkened or stain from carbon deposits
Signs of extreme heat
All windows are darkened or cracked
Smoke exits building and appears to be sucked back in
This is a list of pre-back draft conditions
Ventilation limited
197
Ventilation limited smoldering fire has sufficient '' and '' to become free burning
Heat and fuel to become free burning
198
Not every ventilation limited fire is a Backdraft condition, but every Backdraft situation is ''' and it must be vented before it is attacked that is the carbon monoxide must be cleared from the building before air is allowed to enter
Ventilation limited smoldering fire,
199
A Backdraft can occur naturally when a window fails due to excessive heat and pressurized smoke or by accident when a firefighter
Open or closes a door or breaks a window for ventilation
200
What is a high temperature event caused by sudden introduction of oxygen into an enclosure where superheated smoke gases and contents are at or above their ignition temperature 1200° but previously did not have sufficient oxygen to burn. The rush of fresh air causes sudden explosive ignition of fire gases.
Backdraftp. 369
201
Backdraft typically occurs during what stage of the fire
decay
202
Signs of potential ''' include
Extreme heat more than 1200°
Melted windows frames melted siding
No smoke showing
Confined fire with a large heat buildup
No visible flame from the exterior of the building
Red flame in the thin of the smoke
Puffing from seams and cracks around windows
Heavy black smoke, pushing out under pressure, cracks, and seams
Smoke stained windows
Turbulent smoke
Thick, yellow, brown, or yellowish gray smoke
BACKDRAFT
203
When a Backdraft condition exists, Fire apartments have no choice but to
Ventilate the structure
204
There are two basic strategies to prevent drackdraft from occuring Regarding ventilation ?
1. Vent vertically at the highest point
2 - Vent the structure horizontally from a safe distance with a 2 1/2 inch hose line.. (much more dangerous)
p. 370
205
What may not occur in a vent limited or oxygen deficient fire?
Flashover
206
Typically, what occurs during the decay stage of fire that is on the decline side of the time temperature Fire has already used up. It's available oxygen and incomplete combustion is occurring or has occurred.
Smoke explosion
207
What occurs when a mixture of carbon monoxide, flammable gases and oxygen is presented usually in a void space or other pocket area similar in the fire room
Smoke explosion
208
Conditions needed to produce a ''' option include:
Void
Combustible building materials
Ventilation controlled fire that produces unburnt fuel
Relatively cool temperatures in an ignition source
p. 371
smoke explosion
209
A smoldering fire must be ventilated before
It is attacked. That is the carbon monoxide must be cleared from the building before air is allowed to enter it p. 372
210
After the gas, hot air and smoke are released from the building outside air will enter and cause the previously smoldering building to burst into flames. this is a sign that
Ventilation is complete
211
Regarding smoke explosions when should the initial direct attack begin? AFTER WHAT ?
After ventilation p. 373
212
Regarding hydraulic ventilation it is best accomplished with a combination spray nozzle using”” degree patterned placed “” feet from the windowsill.. the fog pattern should cover about”” percent of the window
60°
2 to 4 feet
85 to 90%
213
What must happen before the fire is extinguished in a room?
Stop the vapor producing process page 317
214
How many firefighters are needed to handle the positioning
of the roof ladder with the charged Bresnan distributor?
p. 346
1
215
What can be used before roof cutting operations begin to
identify the direction of the rafters and other solid
structural members of the roof assembly?
tic
216
From which location can the basement fire in the incipient
stage be attacked?
interior stairways only if its in the early stage and can be out quick. id say go with a back door if there is one. p. 346
217
What is the flow rate of the combination fog tip on the
HydroVent nozzle?
p. 321
95 gpm
218
During operations in a residential high-rise building,
which of the following is NOT a location the piercing
nozzle can be forced through to perform and indirect
attack?
p. 319
Exterior wall into the fire unit
219
What must be used for ventilation when there is only an
interior stairway leading into the basement of a
commercial building?
Display windows
220
What can be inserted through a window or from the floor above?
R
D
C
Round nozzle
Distribute nozzle
celler pipes
221
Three major strategies and tactics needed to be modified or implemented are :
transitional attack defensive to offensive
our approach to: basement fires
coordinated ventilation
222
Ventilation with the water application makes the fire
Worse
223
Immediate water application into the fire through a self vented window or door by the fastest means possible''''' the situation
Improves the situation
224
Water first , than
vent
225
Ventilation should occur immediately ''' ENTERY, this may be possible with ''' ventilation, but not with ''' ventilation
b4 , horizontal, vertical.. 311
226
Which type of ventilation prevents smoke, heat, and fire
gases from accumulating and banking down onto firefighters
and occupants by allowing it to rise?
p. 360
VERTICAL
227
Where should water be directed when fire is blowing out a
basement window?
BASEMENT WINDOW
228
31. What should be used when support for the standpipe
discharge valve is needed due to the cantilevered weight
from the wye configuration?
WEBBING
229
In which situation would vertical ventilation NOT be
called for IN ''' FRAMING
IN PLATEFROM FRAMING
230
3 WAYS to use the transitional defensive to offensive attack
1. the normal way hitting it from outside the fire to reset it then going for direct tact to finish it off
2. HydroVENT
3. MasterSTREAMS on high-rises.
231
When would you use transitional attack offensive to defensive?
THIS ATTACK CAN BE SELECTED WITH ALL INDICATIONS TO DEFENSIVE STRATEGY, EXCEPT THERE IS A KNOWN LIFE HAZARD, OR MAYBE A CORNER OF THE BUILDING CAN STILL BE SEARCHED BEFORE IT IS TIME TO BAND THE BUILDING. EXAMPLE WOULD BE A GAS EXPLOSION....
An offensive attack would be used to hold back the flames while a search is being performed, but not to put out the flames once savable lives, rescued all cruise back out of the building this tragedy changes to defense of operation
