Chapter 12 Flashcards by Riccardo Caruso

What is needed to shield a building or part of a building that has been subjected to radiant and convected heat as well as direct flame impingement from the main body of fire

Exposure protection

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Firefighters must

Work in teams
Follow directions
no freelancing

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’’’ coverages second only to rescue on any list of basic objectives of a firefighter operation

Exposure

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’’ exposures can be protected by physically moving them away from the reach of the fire. Examples are trucks, tractors, automobiles boats….

Movable

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What helps to locate exposure hazards

Pre-incident plans

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Adequate number of “”” is key to full exposure protection

Firefighters p. 388

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Most exterior gas meters, residential or commercial can be’’ by FD

Shut off

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Fire department should not pull ‘’ or tinker with any vaulted ‘’’’

Electric meter, electrical equipment

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Who should be automatically dispatched at any confirmed fire with the initial alarm assignments?

Electric power, utilities company

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The term’’ applies to Outside exposures such as fire regarded as 1 that spreads from one structure to another

Exposure Fire

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an ‘’ is an area that promotes the spread of fire if a fire should start in or reach that area

Exposure hazard

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’’’’’ and spaces that CHECK the fire from spreading between buildings and stacked materials are the greatest deterrents to exposure fires and are of great assistance to firefighters when severe outside fires are burning

unpierced/intact Firewalls p. 390

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Factors affecting the severity of an ‘'’problem include: 12 total
Recent weather
Present weather( wind)
Delay in reporting the fire
Traffic conditions
Proximity of fire 2 exposures
Building construction
Intensity and size
Location of fire
Availability and combustibility of fuel
Size of the firefighting force
Equipment and apparatus is on scene
Available water

exterior exposure
p. 390

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The worst combination of factors for ‘’’ fires might be:
Dry weather
Strong winds
Closely spaced frame buildings
Difficulty to reach
Easy to ignite material
Limited personnel
Response time

exposure

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What happens in the first few minutes on the Fire ground dictates?

Results over the course of the incident

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Must be known at the time of the alarm are:
S and I of Fire and its L this has direct effect on’’’’’’ ?

Size and intensity of fire and its
Location..
These have direct effect on the amount of radiant heat from the fire building

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What not only keeps firefighters away from the fire building, but can also severely damage, parked fire apparatus, and add to exposure problems

Radiant heat p. 391

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What moves away from the building in all directions and winds do not affect it

Radiant heat

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The only way to protect exposures from reheat is to

Cool them by applying water if exposures are wet, they won’t burn

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’’’ is not a exposure stream

A water Curtan

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’’’ or operating a stream of water between the fire and the exposure does not protect the expose but ‘’ moves through the stream, heats the surface of the exposure to its ignition point.

Water curtains
radiant heat

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The stream must be directed regarding exposure fires

Onto the surface of the exposure so that the water washes down its walls. The water absorbs the heat that way, and keeps it from igniting. p. 395

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What also passes through transparent glass and ignite material within a building

Radiant heat

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All furniture wall hangings, pictures, and other combustible material should be moved ‘’’’

Away from the walls exposed to the fire to the opposite side of the room.

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If the exposed building has a stand Pipe system, it should be

Charged

The structures or the material nearest the fire must be covered beginning first on what side ?

Leeward side or downwind side

The combination of convected and radiant heat makes the Leeward side

Most vulnerable

When exposures are close to the building, the most vulnerable areas are

Parts of the exposed building just above the fire p. 396

Streams should be directed onto the exposure at a level of '''

Somewhat above that of the fire

Sometimes a Handline hose line is the only way to protect an exposure, but '''' provide safer and more effective streams for most situations Requiring exposure protection

Master streams p. 397

Streams developed by ''' nozzles hold together better and therefore penetrate winds better than spray nozzle streams

Smooth, bore nozzles

Combination fog nozzle set to a straight stream where strong winds are NOT a factor are probably the better choice for

Exposure protection

Positioning of exposure, lines is important exposure lines must be placed where they will cover the '''

maximum amount of exposure area

“”” Position maximizes the effectiveness of that stream at the same time provides firefighter protection from radiant heat and keeps them out of the cold zone

Ideal position p.400

Why is exposure the second strategic objective andRECEO/VS

Inadequate staffing.. meant that there weren't enough firefighters to get ahead of the fire and concealed spaces P. 402

If there is any possibility of fire and a horizontal or vertical space or shaft that space must be

Opened and inspected visually

Fires IN concealed spaces are the exact condition for which which nozzles were designed

Piercing / round nozzles p. 403

Many structures contain concealed, vertical shafts that house, utilities, such as

Water Gas Sewer systems vent pipes Electrical lines

Many single-family dwellings in apartment housings have white that extend through the building from the basement to the chimney fixture on the roof

HVAC

If walls need to be opened, start at

Waste height to check the space this allows the nozzle to be aimed up the channel towards the top plate or down

What frame construction is notorious not for having vertical fire stops?

Balloon frame P.405

The quickest and most effective way to check for vertical fires spread and a balloon frame building is to

Open the siding panels on the outside of the fire area this will expose all the vertical stud channels for extinguishment without smoke, obscuring the view

Commercial structures, stores and shopping centers these vertical vent channels are normally placed

Towards the rear of the building

An apartment buildings, the vertical shaft follow the patterns of the apartment layouts. They are most often found near.

Kitchens and bathrooms each chat is usually placed so that it serves two ormore bathrooms

the great variety in and desire of single-family dwellings means that vertical shafts could be located almost anywhere in the structure, however, the location of '''or '' are a good indicators where they can be found

Vent pipes and kitchens vents on the roof P. 405

A wall that is hot to touch is probably

Concealed Fire P. 405

If it is known or suspected that a fire has entered, a vertical shaft hose line should be directed''''''', fires in these channels is confined to a comparably small area thus what hose lines are most useful for this operation?

Into the shaft and should be opened and inspected from the roof 1 inch 3/4 LINES P. 406

Vent hole that assesses the attic space must be cut to

Cut to vertically ventilate

What nozzle resembles fog applicator and they work the same as by throwing a 360 sphere of water

Round nozzles( if used needs to be done before any vertical ventilation occurs) 407

If an attic on fire is sprinkler, affected heads would fuse when the temperature reaches '' how many gals per min

165° 8 to 24 gallons per

Fire may travel'''' through the spaces between ceilings and floors over false or hanging ceilings along ductwork and utility conDUITS through conveyor, tunnels, and industrial buildings and warehouses and through similar channels

Horizontally

Officers must always carry a

TIC / 6 foot Pike pole- reach to Pop CEIlings for exposures P. 408

Collapses may occur in as little as 10 minutes with what type of roofs

Steel bar JoIST roof

An unprotected steel tie, rod and connector that holds the trusses together and the unprotected steel grinders that support them lose their strength and can feel when the steel is subjected to temperatures over'' FOR ?

1000° for 10 more minutes P. 410

In addition to limited access and limited egress, firefighters must also content with regarding ''' fires: Narrow stairs No/ limited windows Small/narrow windows Nature of stock, product, and other items stored in the basement Low ceilings Trapped heat and smoke

basement

unfinished basements allow the fire to '''because the floor Joyce, which are often constructed of lightweight, fabricated, wooden i- beams and lightweight steel hangers and gaskets the floor assembly.. if they are exposed they can collapse in as a little a ''''

Attacked the floor above 2 to 5 minutes after direct flame contact. p. 411

If the incident commander inspected a basement fire in a balloon frame construction, the other objective in addition to keeping ahead of the fire is to

Keep the fire from extending to upper floors, including the attic and cock loft area.. no PVV fan should be used in balloon frame construction during the fire attack. 412

Basement fires in commercial stores become more difficult solid streams from'' are needed

2/2 inch hand lines

If there is a rear door, but no other openings to the basement, the attack can begin from ''''the ventilation effort should be conducted through'''

Conducted at that opening Vent should be through openings at or near areas already burning p. 414

If the basement has no outside openings, but only an interior stairway or a trap door entrance to display window openings can be used for '' and the fire can be attacked with'''

Ventilation Hose LINE through interior openings Bresnan Distributor celler nozzles from the floor above p. 416

If thefire occurs in a balloon frame building an exposure line must be deployed immediately to “” even if the space is accessed by ground ladder from outside

The attic p 405

In commercial structure, stores and shopping centers, the vertical vent channels are normally placed

Towards the rear of the building

An apartment buildings, the vertical shaft follow the patterns of the apartment layout. There are most often found near '' or '' each shaft placed so that it serves '' or more apartments

The kitchen and bathrooms and each shaft is usually placed so that it serves 24 or more apartments

What does the problem in a supermarket essentially resemble during fire operations

Large exterior exposure

Where will the vertical vent channels be located most often in commercial structures?

Rear of the building

Radiant heat is affected by ''

high winds

From which location should the flames be extinguished which are drawn into the attic when using vertical ventilation?

From below the trusses

Another safe and effective method for extinguishing FIRES that have spread vertically into the attic space is using''''' p. 407

Piercing/ round nozzles

Unless the incident involves a major gas leak the gas company is usually not needed at structural fires unless gas shut ups are ''

Underground

The electrical power utility should '' be dispatched at any confirmed fire

Automatically

Electricity is always a hazard fire. The fire department is ill- equipped or is not trying to deal with it other than throwing the main circuit breaker which is at the electrical panel the fire department personnel should not pull

Electrical meters or tinker with any other vaulted electrical equipment?

After what amount of time is it possible for the unprotected steel girders that support the bowstring truss roof fail when subjected to fire temperatures over 1,000^F (538^C)? p. 410

10 mins

When are fire patrols extremely important?

high wind situations

Which are the most vulnerable parts of the exposed building when the exposures are close to the fire building? p. 396

Area just above the fire

Radiant heat is not affected by ??

high winds

Other factors that cannot be evaluated until companies arrive at the fire ground are'' regarding radiant heat

Wind direction Wind speed

Smoke gases and embers, rise and convection currents CAN CARRY THEM '''

Downwind

Many of the vertical openings in the building originate at the basement level and unless there's nothing to keep the fire from entering The opening Spreading up through the building....Where should vertical openings be opened when checking forvertical fire spread''''' Confirm with ''' In any case, these openings should be open at roof level to allow heat smoking gases to leave the building after water has been applied to the space. p. 416

First floor TIC

Which utility is only needed at the fire incident scene when the shut-offs are located underground? p. 388

gas