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Miscellaneous Vocab > Chapter 19 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

adjuvant chemotherapy

A

drugs are given after primary therapy (surgery or radiation)
adjuvant means to assist

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2
Q

alkylating agents

A

chemotherapeutic synthetic drugs that cause crosslinks and breaks in DNA to stop cells from dividing

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3
Q

anaplasia

A

loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type

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4
Q

antibiotics

A

chemotherapeutic drugs found in bacteria and fungi, which cause breaks in DNA strands to inhibit cell division

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5
Q

antimetabolites

A

chemotherapeutic agents that block the synthesis of DNA components (nucleotides) and prevent cells from dividing

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6
Q

antimitotics

A

chemotherapeutic chemicals that block the function of a protein necessary for mitosis

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7
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
normal cells undergo this when damaged or aging
some cancer cells have lost the ability to undergo this process, and they live forever

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8
Q

benign tumor

A

noncancerous growth (neoplasm)

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9
Q

brachytherapy

A

radiotherapy that uses insertion of sealed containers into body cavities or radioactive seeds directly into the tumor

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10
Q

carcinogens

A

agents that cause cancer; chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses

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11
Q

carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin

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12
Q

chemotherapy

A

treatment with drugs

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13
Q

combination chemotherapy

A

use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors

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14
Q

dedifferentiation

A

loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation

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15
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division and protein synthesis

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16
Q

differentiation

A

specialization of cells

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17
Q

electron beams

A

low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors

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18
Q

encapsulated

A

surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are encapsulated

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19
Q

external beam irradiation

A

radiation is applied to a tumor from a source outside the body

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20
Q

fractionation

A

giving radiation in small, repeated doses

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21
Q

genetic screening

A

patients and family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene

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22
Q

grading of tumors

A

evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or degree of differentiation

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23
Q

gray (Gy)

A

unit of absorbed radiation dose

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24
Q

gross description of tumors

A

visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye; cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating, or verrucous

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25
Q

immunotherapy

A

cancer treatment using immune cells and antibodies to kill tumor cells; CAR-T cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors are examples

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26
Q

infiltrative

A

extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues

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27
Q

invasive

A

having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue

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28
Q

irradiation

A

exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays

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29
Q

linear accelerator

A

large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors

30
Q

malignant tumor

A

tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis

31
Q

mesenchymal

A

embryonic connective tissue
this is the tissue from which connective tissues (bone, muscle, fat, cartilage, and blood cells) arise

32
Q

metastasis

A

spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site; literally, “beyond control”

33
Q

microscopic description of tumors

A

appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope: alveolar, carcinoma in situ, diffuse, dysplastic, epidermoid, follicular, papillary, pleomorphic, scirrhous, or undifferentiated

34
Q

mitosis

A

replication of cells; a stage in a cell’s life cycle involving the production of two identical cells from a parent cell

35
Q

mixed-tissue tumors

A

tumors composed of different types of tissue (epithelial as well as connective tissue)

36
Q

modality

A

method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation

37
Q

molecularly targeted therapy

A

use of drugs to attack specific targets (mutations) that drive cancer cell growth

38
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

these are antibodies created in a laboratory by special reproductive (cloning) techniques that are designed to attack specific cancer cells directly or to activate T cells (or other effector cells) to kill the tumor

39
Q

morbidity

A

condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function

40
Q

mucinous

A

containing mucus (a thick whitish secretion)

41
Q

mutation

A

change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously

42
Q

neoadjuvant chemotherapy

A

drugs are given before primary therapy (surgery or radiation) to reduce the size of a tumor

43
Q

neoplasm

A

new growth; benign or malignant tumor

44
Q

nucleotide

A

unit of DNA (gene) composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base
the sequence or arrangement of nucleotides on a gene is the genetic code

45
Q

oncogene

A

region of DNA in tumor cells (cellular oncogene) or in viruses that cause cancer (viral oncogene) oncogenes are designated by a threeletter name, such as abl, erb, jun, myc, ras, and src

46
Q

palliative

A

relieving but not curing symptoms

47
Q

pedunculated

A

possessing a steam or stalk (peduncle); characteristic of some polypoid tumors

48
Q

photon therapy

A

radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays

49
Q

protocol

A

detailed plan for treatment of an illness

50
Q

proton therapy

A

subatomic positively charged particles (protons) produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body

51
Q

radiation

A

energy carried by a stream of particles

52
Q

radiation fields

A

dimensions of the area of the body undergoing irradiation

53
Q

radiation therapy

A

treatment of tumors using doses of radiation; radiation oncology; radiotherapy

54
Q

radiocurable tumor

A

tumor that is completely destroyed by radiation therapy; early Hodgkin lymphoma is an example

55
Q

radioresistant tumor

A

tumor that survives large doses of radiation

56
Q

radiosensitive tumor

A

tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue

57
Q

radiosensitizers

A

drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays

58
Q

radiotherapy

A

treatment of tumors using doses of radiation; radiation therapy; radiation oncology

59
Q

relapse

A

recurrence of tumor after treatment

60
Q

remission

A

partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease

61
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

cellular substance that represents a copy of DNA and directs the formation of new protein inside cells

62
Q

sarcoma

A

cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue

63
Q

serous

A

having the appearance of a thin, watery fluid (serum)

64
Q

sessile

A

having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors

65
Q

simulation

A

study using CT scan or MRI to map the area to receive treatment before radiotherapy is given

66
Q

solid tumor

A

tumor composed of a mass of cells

67
Q

staging of tumors

A

system of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors; an example is the TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) system

68
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

technique in which a single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance to destroy vascular abnormalities and small brain tumors

69
Q

surgical procedures to treat cancer

A

methods of removing cancerous tissue: cryosurgery, cauterization, en bloc resection, excisional biopsy, exenteration, fulguration, incisional biopsy

70
Q

viral oncogenes

A

pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant

71
Q

virus

A

infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself

Miscellaneous Vocab (34 decks)

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