Chapter 19: Cancer Medicine Flashcards
benign tumors
+ grow slowly
+ usually encapsulated
+ differentiated
+ do not metastasize
malignant tumors
+ multiply rapidly
+ invasive, infiltrate
+ undifferentiated
+ do metastisize
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignancy in muscle cell
carcinogenesis
+ damage to genetic material
+ DNA: controls production of new cells (cell division) and controls the production of new proteins
+ mitosis: cell division (daughter cells are usually the same as the parent cells)
+ anaplastic (malignant cells are anaplastic): the DNA stops making normal codes that allow normal cells to continue to differentiating
+ apoptosis: programmed cell death… cancer cells often lose this ability
chemical carcinogens (environmental agents)
hydrocarbons (found in nicotine products, automobile exhaust, insecticides, dyes, industrial chemicals, asbestos and hormones)
radiation (environmental agents)
sunlight, x-rays, radioactive substances - their energy damages the DNA
viruses (environmental agents)
human T cells leukemia virus, HPV, hepatitis B & C viruses
oncogenes
pieces of normal DNA that when activated by mutation can convert a normal cell to a cancerous cell
the mutation is called translocation
translocation
mutation of oncogenes
heredity
caused by defects in the DNA of the sperm or egg cell
examples: retinoblastoma, adenomatous polyposis
inherited changes can be detected by anayzing DNA in any tissue of the body (expensive)
histogenesis
tissue that generates the tumor
carcinomas
cancerous tumor (solid, epithelial tissue)
sarcomas
tumor of connective tissues (bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow)
mixed-tissue tumors
derived from tissue capable of differentiating into both epithelial and connective (kidney, ovary, testes)
carcinomas
solid tumors derived from epithelial tissue hat lines external and internal body surfaces (skin, glands, digestive, urinary and reproductive organs)
sarcomas
arise from connective tissue (bone, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, lymphatic system)
mixed-tissue tumors
derived from tissue that is capable of differentiating into both epithelial and connective tissue (Wilm’s tumors, skin, gland cells, cartilage and “germ cell” tumors)
cystic
forming large open spaces filled with fluid
mucus
filled with thick mucus
funygating
tumor cells are piled one on top of another
inflammatory
redness, swelling and heat
medullary
large, soft, fleshy tumors
necrotic
containing dead tissue
polypoid
growth form projections extending from base
ulcertaing
open, exposed surface resulting from death of overlying tumors
verricous
resembling a wart-like growth
aveolar
patterns resembling small sacs
carcinoma in situ
localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent structures
diffuse
spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue
dysplastic
containing abnormal-appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous
epidermoid
resembling squamous epithelial cells
follicular
forming small glandular sacs
papillary
forming small, finger-like or nipple-like projection of cells
pleomorphic
composed of a variety of types of cells
Schirrous
densely packed due to dense bands of fibrous tissue
undifferentiated
lacking microscopic structure of normal maser cells
Grade 1
tumors are very well differentiated; closely resemble normal cells
Grade 2 and 3
tumors are intermediate and appearance, moderately or poorly differentiated
Grade 4
tumors are undifferentiated
Grading
used in evaluating biopsies. may also be used in evaluating cells obtained from body fluids (such as papnicolaou smears)
Staging
based on extent of spead of tumor, relying on careful definition of size and possile metastatic spread of tumor. Uses the CT, or combination of PET-CT, MRI, and radioactive bone scans.
