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Medical Terminology > Chapter 18: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

hormones

A

regulate function of an organism

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2
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones directly into the blood stream

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3
Q

exocrine glands

A

send chemical substance (such as tears) through the ducts

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4
Q

thyroid gland (T4, T3)

A

secretes hormones:
+ thyroxine (T4)
+ triiodothyronine (T3)

Both necessary to maintain normal metabolism. Help with oxygen uptake

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5
Q

thyroid gland (calcitonin)

A

calcitonin: third thyroid hormone

+ secreted when calcium levels in blood are high - causes calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone. This process strengthens weakened bone tissue and prevents spontaneous bone fractures

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6
Q

parathyroid glands

A

secretes parathormone:

+ this hormone mobilizes calcium from bones into bloodstream. If blood Ca++ hormone (calcitonin) decreases, parathormone increases, causing calcium to leave bone and enter the bloodstream.

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7
Q

adrenal glands

A

two parts: cortex and medulla

cortex secretes steroids (corticosteroids)

glucocorticoids: help regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Raises blood glucose in times of stress

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8
Q

glucocorticoids (from adrenal glands)

A

help regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Raises blood glucose in times of stress

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9
Q

adrenal cortex

A

mineralocorticoids: aldosterone

+ regulates concentration of mineral salts (Na+, K+)

helps kidney absorb Na+ and excrete K+ to regulate blood volume and BP and electrolyte concentration

sex hormone: (androgens and estrogens (the 3 “s” sugar, salt, and sex)

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10
Q

sex hormone

A

androgens and estrogens (the 3 “s” sugar, salt, and sex

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11
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine
+ increases HR and BP
+ dilates bronchi
+ release glucose

norepinephrine
+ constricts blood vessels and increases BP

both epi and norepi imitate actors of sympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

pancreas

A

islets produces insuline and glucagon

both regulate blood glucose

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13
Q

insulin

A

decrease blood glucose

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14
Q

glucagon

A

secreted when blood glucose levels decreases, acts on on the liver

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15
Q

pituitary gland (anterior lobe)

A 
secretes:
\+ growth hormone
\+ thyroid stimulating hormone
\+ adrenocorticotropic hormone
\+ gonadotropic hormone
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16
Q

pituitary gland (posterior lobe)

A

secretes:
+ antmdurectic hormone: regulates urine excretion (vasopressin)

+ oxytocin: stimulates uterine contraction, milk production

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17
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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18
Q

adrenal/o

A

adrenal gland

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19
Q

gonad/o

A

sex glands (ovaries, testes)

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20
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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21
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid

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22
Q

pituitar/o

A

pituitary

hypophysis (under growth)

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23
Q

thyr/o

thyroid/o

A

thyroid

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24
Q

andr/o

A

male

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25
Q

calc/o

calci/o

A

calcium

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26
Q

cortic/o

A

cortex, outer region

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27
Q

crin/o

A

to secrete

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28
Q

estr/o

A

female

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29
Q

gluc/o

A

sugar

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30
Q

home/o

A

sameness

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31
Q

hormon/o

A

hormone

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32
Q

kal/i

A

potassium

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33
Q

lact/o

A

milk

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34
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

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35
Q

natr/o

A

sodium

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36
Q

phys/o

A

growing

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37
Q

somat/o

A

body

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38
Q

ster/o

A

steroid

39
Q

toc/o

A

childbirth

40
Q

ur/o

A

urine

urinary tract

41
Q

hypophysectomy

A

surgical removal (excision) of the pituitary gland

42
Q

-agon

A

assemble, gather together

43
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

44
Q
  • in

- ine

A

substance

45
Q

-tropin

A

stimulating the function of (turn, act on)

46
Q

-uria

A

urination, urine condition

47
Q

eu-

A

good, normal

48
Q

hyper-

A

excessive, above

49
Q

hypo-

A

deficient, below

50
Q

oxy-

A

oxygen

51
Q

poly-

A

many, much

52
Q

tetra-

A

four

53
Q

tri-

A

three

54
Q

tri-

A

three

55
Q

hypothyroidism

A

deficient activity of thyroid gland

+ goiter (thyromegaly)

56
Q

exophthalmos hyperthyroidism

A

excessive secretion of thyroid gland

57
Q

cretinism:

hypo-secretion of thyroid

A

congenital. child born without thyroid, or with thyroid produces little thyroid hormones (T3, T4)

58
Q

myxedema

thyroid gland hypo-secretion

A

is caused by an accumulation of tissue products, such as glycosaminoglycans, in the skin.

+it is almost always hypothyroidism
+specific causes of hypothyroidism that can lead to myxedema include Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, thyroidectomy, and Grave’s disease.

59
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

hyper-secretion of adrenal cortex

A

excess cortisol production resulting in excess deposits of fat; hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, osteoporosis, virilization, hypertension. (some caused by pituitary tumors, or excess use of cortisones)

Treatment: surgery, radiation of the pituitary - if a tumor; slow withdrawal of corticosteroid.

60
Q

Addison’s Disease

hypo-secretion of adrenal gland

A

deficient secretion from adrenal cortex.

symptoms: darkening of the skin, low blood pressure, muscle weakness, depression, irritability, decreased appetite and weight loss. An ACTH blood test for level of cortisol in blood, helps diagnose.

Treatment: will need to take oral hydrocortisone and synthetic form of aldosterone.

61
Q

thyroid carcinoma (cancerous tumor of the thyroid)

A

radioactive iodine uptake scans (RAIU) distinguish hyper-functioning from hypo-functioning areas

+“hot” tumors areas vs. “cold tumors” areas.

62
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

excessive secretion of parathormone: result in hypercalcemia, which can produce damage to kidneys and heart

+bones are decalcified, leading to osteoporosis, fractures, cysts, kidney stones
+usually treated by surgery

63
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

deficient secretion of parathormone: may lead to tetany (involuntary spasms of muscle)

+sometimes caused by inadvertent removal of the parathyroid glands when the surgeon performs a thyroidectomy
+may be autoimmune
+may be genetic

+treated by administration of Vitamin D and Calcium

64
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A

an autoimmune disease

+auto-antibodies against normal pancreatic islet cells are present. patient must take insulin (injectable)

65
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Type 2 is a separate disease. Patients are usually older. Islet cells are usually not destroyed, but insulin resistance develops.

Treatment: diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic agents. These stimulate the release of insulin from pancreas and improved body’s sensitivity to insulin

66
Q

metabolic syndrome:

A

groups of s/s including insulin resistance, obesity (fat accumulates around the waist), hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of “good” cholesterol HDL

67
Q

Hyperglycemia

primary complication of type 1 DM

A

which can lead to ketoacidosis

68
Q 
insulin shock
(primary complication of type 1 DM)
A

occurs with too much insulin decreased intake of food, excessive exercise

69
Q

secondary complications of DM

A

diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, gastroparesis

70
Q

gestational diabetes

A

women with predisposition to diabetes can develop

+blood glucose returns to normal after delivery, but may return to type 2 later on.

71
Q

fasting blood sugar (lab test for DM)

A

fasting blood sugar (FBS): any reading over 100mg/dL indicates prediabetes or diabetes (if 126 mg/dL)

72
Q

HbA1C

A

glycosylated hemoglobin. monitor blood glucose

73
Q

acromegaly

A

enlargement of extremities

+hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary well after puberty results in this

74
Q

Gigantism

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone (occurs before puberty)

treatment: medication to block activity of growth hormone; surgery

75
Q

hyposecretion of pituitary

A

a congenital condition. bones remain small.

may be caused by:
\+ genetic mutations
\+ trauma (including surgery) of the pituitary gland 
\+ tumors, trauma or irruption of the CNS
\+ leukemia
\+ idiopathic

treatment consist of administration of GH

76
Q

Achondroplastic dwarfs vs. hypopituitary dwarfs

A

achondroplastic dwarfs differ from hypopituitary dwarfs in that they have a genetic defect in cartilage formation that limits the growth of long bones

77
Q

excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

produces excess water retention in body

treatment consists of dietary restriction of water. can result from tumors, drug reactions, or head injury

78
Q

insufficient secretion of ADH

A

causes kidney tubules to fail to hold back needed water and salts. known as diabetes insipidus. characterized by polyuria and polydipsia

79
Q

cortisol

A

hormone secreted by adrenal cortex

80
Q

androgen

A

hormone (male)

81
Q

hypercalcemia

A

blood condition of excessive calcium

82
Q

hyponatremia

A

blood condition of deficient sodium

83
Q

hypercalciuria

A

excessive calcium in the urine

84
Q

polyuria

A

much, many urination

85
Q

adrenalectomy

A

surgical removal of the adrenal gland

86
Q

adenitis

A

inflammation of a gland

87
Q

euthyroid

A

resembling a normal thyroid

88
Q

glycemic

A

pertaining to glucose in the blood

89
Q

gastroparesis

A

weakness of the stomach

90
Q

hypothyroidism

A

state of deficient/below normal thyroxine

91
Q

polydipsia

A

many, much thirst

92
Q

thyroiditis

A

inflammation of the thyroid

93
Q

thyroidectomy

A

excision of the thyroid gland

Medical Terminology (21 decks)

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