Chapter 18: Endocrine System Flashcards
hormones
regulate function of an organism
endocrine glands
secrete hormones directly into the blood stream
exocrine glands
send chemical substance (such as tears) through the ducts
thyroid gland (T4, T3)
secretes hormones:
+ thyroxine (T4)
+ triiodothyronine (T3)
Both necessary to maintain normal metabolism. Help with oxygen uptake
thyroid gland (calcitonin)
calcitonin: third thyroid hormone
+ secreted when calcium levels in blood are high - causes calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone. This process strengthens weakened bone tissue and prevents spontaneous bone fractures
parathyroid glands
secretes parathormone:
+ this hormone mobilizes calcium from bones into bloodstream. If blood Ca++ hormone (calcitonin) decreases, parathormone increases, causing calcium to leave bone and enter the bloodstream.
adrenal glands
two parts: cortex and medulla
cortex secretes steroids (corticosteroids)
glucocorticoids: help regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Raises blood glucose in times of stress
glucocorticoids (from adrenal glands)
help regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Raises blood glucose in times of stress
adrenal cortex
mineralocorticoids: aldosterone
+ regulates concentration of mineral salts (Na+, K+)
helps kidney absorb Na+ and excrete K+ to regulate blood volume and BP and electrolyte concentration
sex hormone: (androgens and estrogens (the 3 “s” sugar, salt, and sex)
sex hormone
androgens and estrogens (the 3 “s” sugar, salt, and sex
adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine
+ increases HR and BP
+ dilates bronchi
+ release glucose
norepinephrine
+ constricts blood vessels and increases BP
both epi and norepi imitate actors of sympathetic nervous system
pancreas
islets produces insuline and glucagon
both regulate blood glucose
insulin
decrease blood glucose
glucagon
secreted when blood glucose levels decreases, acts on on the liver
pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
secretes: \+ growth hormone \+ thyroid stimulating hormone \+ adrenocorticotropic hormone \+ gonadotropic hormone
pituitary gland (posterior lobe)
secretes:
+ antmdurectic hormone: regulates urine excretion (vasopressin)
+ oxytocin: stimulates uterine contraction, milk production
aden/o
gland
adrenal/o
adrenal gland
gonad/o
sex glands (ovaries, testes)
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid
pituitar/o
pituitary
hypophysis (under growth)
thyr/o
thyroid/o
thyroid
andr/o
male
calc/o
calci/o
calcium
cortic/o
cortex, outer region
crin/o
to secrete
estr/o
female
gluc/o
sugar
home/o
sameness
hormon/o
hormone
kal/i
potassium
lact/o
milk
myx/o
mucus
natr/o
sodium
phys/o
growing
somat/o
body
ster/o
steroid
toc/o
childbirth
ur/o
urine
urinary tract
hypophysectomy
surgical removal (excision) of the pituitary gland
-agon
assemble, gather together
-emia
blood condition
- in
- ine
substance
-tropin
stimulating the function of (turn, act on)
-uria
urination, urine condition
eu-
good, normal
hyper-
excessive, above
hypo-
deficient, below
oxy-
oxygen
poly-
many, much
tetra-
four
tri-
three
tri-
three
hypothyroidism
deficient activity of thyroid gland
+ goiter (thyromegaly)
exophthalmos hyperthyroidism
excessive secretion of thyroid gland
cretinism:
hypo-secretion of thyroid
congenital. child born without thyroid, or with thyroid produces little thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
myxedema
thyroid gland hypo-secretion
is caused by an accumulation of tissue products, such as glycosaminoglycans, in the skin.
+it is almost always hypothyroidism
+specific causes of hypothyroidism that can lead to myxedema include Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, thyroidectomy, and Grave’s disease.
Cushing’s syndrome
hyper-secretion of adrenal cortex
excess cortisol production resulting in excess deposits of fat; hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, osteoporosis, virilization, hypertension. (some caused by pituitary tumors, or excess use of cortisones)
Treatment: surgery, radiation of the pituitary - if a tumor; slow withdrawal of corticosteroid.
Addison’s Disease
hypo-secretion of adrenal gland
deficient secretion from adrenal cortex.
symptoms: darkening of the skin, low blood pressure, muscle weakness, depression, irritability, decreased appetite and weight loss. An ACTH blood test for level of cortisol in blood, helps diagnose.
Treatment: will need to take oral hydrocortisone and synthetic form of aldosterone.
thyroid carcinoma (cancerous tumor of the thyroid)
radioactive iodine uptake scans (RAIU) distinguish hyper-functioning from hypo-functioning areas
+“hot” tumors areas vs. “cold tumors” areas.
hyperparathyroidism
excessive secretion of parathormone: result in hypercalcemia, which can produce damage to kidneys and heart
+bones are decalcified, leading to osteoporosis, fractures, cysts, kidney stones
+usually treated by surgery
hypoparathyroidism
deficient secretion of parathormone: may lead to tetany (involuntary spasms of muscle)
+sometimes caused by inadvertent removal of the parathyroid glands when the surgeon performs a thyroidectomy
+may be autoimmune
+may be genetic
+treated by administration of Vitamin D and Calcium
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
an autoimmune disease
+auto-antibodies against normal pancreatic islet cells are present. patient must take insulin (injectable)
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 is a separate disease. Patients are usually older. Islet cells are usually not destroyed, but insulin resistance develops.
Treatment: diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic agents. These stimulate the release of insulin from pancreas and improved body’s sensitivity to insulin
metabolic syndrome:
groups of s/s including insulin resistance, obesity (fat accumulates around the waist), hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of “good” cholesterol HDL
Hyperglycemia
primary complication of type 1 DM
which can lead to ketoacidosis
insulin shock (primary complication of type 1 DM)
occurs with too much insulin decreased intake of food, excessive exercise
secondary complications of DM
diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, gastroparesis
gestational diabetes
women with predisposition to diabetes can develop
+blood glucose returns to normal after delivery, but may return to type 2 later on.
fasting blood sugar (lab test for DM)
fasting blood sugar (FBS): any reading over 100mg/dL indicates prediabetes or diabetes (if 126 mg/dL)
HbA1C
glycosylated hemoglobin. monitor blood glucose
acromegaly
enlargement of extremities
+hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary well after puberty results in this
Gigantism
hypersecretion of growth hormone (occurs before puberty)
treatment: medication to block activity of growth hormone; surgery
hyposecretion of pituitary
a congenital condition. bones remain small.
may be caused by: \+ genetic mutations \+ trauma (including surgery) of the pituitary gland \+ tumors, trauma or irruption of the CNS \+ leukemia \+ idiopathic
treatment consist of administration of GH
Achondroplastic dwarfs vs. hypopituitary dwarfs
achondroplastic dwarfs differ from hypopituitary dwarfs in that they have a genetic defect in cartilage formation that limits the growth of long bones
excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
produces excess water retention in body
treatment consists of dietary restriction of water. can result from tumors, drug reactions, or head injury
insufficient secretion of ADH
causes kidney tubules to fail to hold back needed water and salts. known as diabetes insipidus. characterized by polyuria and polydipsia
cortisol
hormone secreted by adrenal cortex
androgen
hormone (male)
hypercalcemia
blood condition of excessive calcium
hyponatremia
blood condition of deficient sodium
hypercalciuria
excessive calcium in the urine
polyuria
much, many urination
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of the adrenal gland
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
euthyroid
resembling a normal thyroid
glycemic
pertaining to glucose in the blood
gastroparesis
weakness of the stomach
hypothyroidism
state of deficient/below normal thyroxine
polydipsia
many, much thirst
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid
thyroidectomy
excision of the thyroid gland
