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nutrition > chapter 19 > Flashcards

chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

second leadign cause of death in US

A

cancer

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1
Q

what is cncer

A

abn cell growth

some way gene lose control of cll growth and reporudftion becomes unstrcutred and excessive

cause tumor or neoplasm

aka neoplasmia

malignant affect structure and consequently function of organs; when cancer cells break away from og sight and spread via blood it is said to metastasize

oncology is study of cancer and phyisican specializing in cancer cases is called an oncologists

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2
Q

cause of cancer

A

precise unknown but facotrs include
- heredity
-viruses
- environemntal carcinogens (radiation from x-rays, sun, or nuclear waste, certain chemcials ingested in fod or water, chemicals thattouch skin regularly and cetain substances that are breathed in such as tobacco smoke and asbestos
- emotiona stress
- genetic predisposition

carcinogens have effect after prolonged exposure

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3
Q

carcinomas

A

epithelials cell (cells lining body)

outer layer of skin, menbrae lining digestive tract, bladder, womb, and any duct or tube that goes thorugh organs in body

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4
Q

sarcomas

A

cancer of soft tissue of body such as muscle, fat, nerves, tendons, blood, and lympgh vessels and other tissues that support surround and protect organs

soft tssue sarcomas are uncomon

can also occur in bone rather than soft tissue and primarily in legs

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5
Q

lymphomas

A

lymphoid tissue

lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, and thymus gland

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6
Q

leukemia

A

wbc and also affect bone marrow and spleem

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7
Q

classification of cancer

A

carcinomas
sarcoma
lyphoma
leukemia

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8
Q

skin cancer tpyes

A

three types: basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma

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9
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

most common; affect outer skin layer and cuased by exposure to sunlight

high rish if fair skin, light hair, and blue, green, or gray eyes and spend considerable leisure time in sun

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10
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

squamous cells in upper layer of skin

chronic exposure to sunlight

may also occur where skin has been injured; burns, scars, or long-standing sores

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11
Q

melanoma

A

most serious and deadliset form of skin cancer and orgiinations in cells that produce the pigment melanin which colors our skin, hair, and skin

majority of melanomas are black or brown but could be skin colore,d pink, red, or purple

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12
Q

what cnacers are overwt and obese ppl higher risk for

A

breast (in women past menopause), colon, rectum, , endometrium, esophaus, kidney, and ancrease

elevated inflammatory homres like inslin, estrogen, and leptin

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13
Q

viral causes of cancer

A

epstein-barr: nasopharyngeal cncer, t-cell lymphoma, Hodgkins, gastric carcinoma
hepB - liver cancer (thre is an anticancer vaccine)
kaposi sarcoma - cancerous tumor of connective tissue (associated w AIDS)
herpes
retrovirus
HPV - cervical cancer

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14
Q

___ of all cancers can be prevented by lifestyle chagnes

A

1/3

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15
Q

1 out of ___ cancer deaths are related to excess body wt

A

5

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16
Q

approx ___ cancer cases are linkeded to excess bodyfat in US

A

117000

17
Q

obesity increases risk for what sseven cancers

A

colorectal
postmenopausal breast
kidney
pancreastic
endometrium
gallbladder
esophageal cancer

18
Q

ACS cancer prevention study II found that sitting more than ___ horus a daty can elevate chance of getting cacner

A

6

19
Q

foods associated w cancer risk

A

nitrites in cured and smoked foods like bacon and ham can be changed to nitrosamines (carcinogens) during cooking + increased red meat intake assocatd w tomach and esophaus cancer

high fat diet assocated w cancer of uterus, breast, prostate and colon

salty foods may increase risk of stomach cancer

alc increase colon, rectum, breast, esophaus, mouth and liver cancer

20
Q

dietary recommendation to prevent cancer

A

limit consumption of red and processed meats (beef, pork, labs, and game shouod be limited to 18 oz or ess) avoid processm eats like cold cuts, bacom, sausage and hams

limit. onsumption of salty foods

limit alc drinks (2 dialy for men ad 1 daily for women)

21
Q

what are phyotchemicals

A

anticarcingenic agents found naturally in plant foods

provide plant w color, aroma, and flavors and protection from infection and predators (pteontial to enchance immune system, slow growth of rate of cancer cells, prevent DNA damage)

examples are flavonoids, phemols, ad indoles

22
Q

best way to provide body w phytochemicals

A

whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, variety of colorful fruits, and vegetables

23
Q

recommendation for phytochemicals (food)

A

2/3 of plate w veg fruits whole grains legumes and nuts w /ess than 1/3 to animal proteins

2.5 cups of veg and 2 cups of fruits and include wide variety esp from cruciferous family, dark-green leafy veg, berries, citrus, and yellow/orange veg

24
Q

gen cancer preventations

A

breastfeed ex luvely for up to 6 months then add other liquids and foods

not rely on dietary supplements

not smoke or chew tobacco

25
Q

cancer side effects /symptoms

A

unexplain wt loss
weakness
amorexia (15-25% of all cancer patients)
hypoalbuminemia and loss of muscle tissue
anemia
sense of taste and smell may be afffected (food may taste differ)

cancer clients after chemo may exp metallic taste when eating protein, complain food taste too sweet

radiation to neck and head can cause damage to taste budgs ands could also affect taste and smell

amy be satieed earlier than normal, possibly vc decreased digestive secretion, insulin production may be abn, hyperglycemia can delay stomach empytying and dull appetite

hypercalcemia, chronic could lead to renal stomes and impareid kidney fuction

also locatio affects symtpoms; esophageal or intstinal tumor may block gi tract, causing malapbsorption

if left untreated, cancer can cause anorexia, and wt loss then malnutrition the cachexia then death

26
Q

treatmnet of cancer

A
  • surgical removal
  • raidatoin
  • chemo
27
Q

cancer surgery side effects on nutritonal status

A

surgery on mouth could affect ability to chew or swall
gastric or intstinal resection can affect absorption and result in nutritional deficient

removal of pancreas = T2D

28
Q

radiation and nutrition

A

radiation of head or neck can cause decrease in salivary secretions which causes dry mouth (xerostomia) and dysphagia

reduction of saliva als causes tooth decay and loss of teeth

severe wt loss

could reduce amoutn of absopriton tissue in small intestine

29
Q

chemo and nutritonal status

A

reudce ability of small intestine to regeneratione absorptive cells and cause hemorrhagic olitis

both radiation and chemo depress appetite

amy cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, leading to fluid and electroyle imbalances which can lead to fluid rentention

wt loss may resilt with some chemo but w breast cancer could have wt gain due to inclusion of steriods in some of chemo

30
Q

type of diet for cancer pt

A

high protein
high cal
nutrient dense

31
Q

chemo and meal time

A

chemo withled for 2-3 hours before and after meals

appetite and absoprition usually improve after chemo is completed

give chemo at bed team for children at bedtime to alleviate name and vomiting and allow them to sleep thorugh emetic effects, play soft music such as lullabies or play ercording o caregiver singing soft songs is soothign and may allevate symptoms of nauesea nd vomtiing

32
Q

diet tip for nausea and vomiting during cancer treatment

A
  • small amt of food
  • sip on beverages btw meals
    -food and liquid at room temp or cooler
  • avoid foods w storng oders, spicy, fatty, or overly sweet
  • upright for an hour after eating
  • dont eat or drink until vomiting us ocntorlled the nsip on clearl liuquids and nibble as toelrated on plain, starchy foods
  • antinausea med
33
Q

cancer treatment diet tip for changes in taste and smell

A
  • cooler foods have less aroma so may be more appealing then hot foods
  • small amt of sugar may mask foods bitter or salty traste
  • frozen melon balls, grapes, and orages that are juice and nuatraly sweet may be desirlbe as may tart foods and becerages
  • if taste aversion to red meat, use starchy beans, poultry, fish, eggs, and nut butter as protein sources
  • marinades and spice can mask unpleasant tastes
  • keep mouth clean bhy brushing and rinsing often (dilute salt and baking soda solution are effective mouth rinse)
34
Q

cancer treatment diet tip for sore mouth or throat

A

soft, moust foods w exrta gravy sauce or dressing
- alc spicy or acidic foods and caffeine and dry, corase, or rough foods my cause irritation
- find temp of foods that sothes iritated thorat or mouths
- drink plenrty of fluids
- rinse mouth several times w dulte salt and baking soda soultion

35
Q

cancer treatment diet tip for poor appetite

A
  • eat mail when hungriest and start w high protein offering when appetite is strongest
  • 5/6 smaller meals
  • nutritious, high-cal foods and beverages within easyt access- himemade energy bars, hummus, egg salad w mayo, peanut butter and crackers, high-protein shakes and smoothies
  • work w lpved one to help buy grocieries andp repare nutritious meals
36
Q

cancer treatment diet tip for diarrhea

A

keep hydrated w water, dilute clear jucies, sports drinks, weak tea or elecyrlye or rehytdsratio nsolution avaialble at local pharmacies
- soft, bland foods w soluble fiber such as banans, boiled ptoates, oatmeal, cooked apple, rice, yogurt, plain toaste, tea
- pass on high fiber foods like popcorn, high fier cereal and breads, nuts, and seeds, and raw veg, skin w fruit
- small amt of food and anti-darrhe med

37
Q

cancer treatment diet tip for constipation

A
  • keep up fluid intake
  • intake high-fiber foods (starchy beans such ask idney beans, garbanzo beans, whoel grains, higher giber cereals such as ran flakes and oatmeal), fresh fruits and veg, dried fruits and uts
  • increase physical activity as able as prescribed by healthcare team
38
Q

protein for cancer pt

A

good nutritonal staitus ; 1-1.2 g per kg

malnourished 1.3-2g protein per kg

39
Q

vitmains and minerals for cancer

A
  • some dietary supplementa lcontaining levels of antioxidatns such as vitamin C and E
  • during chemo and radiation oncologist recommendt against higher doses of antoxidatn supplements tus avoid dietary supplements that are more than 100% of fdaily value for antioxidants

drink fluid

40
Q
A
41
Q
A

nutrition (21 decks)

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