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nutrition > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what four elements make up 96% of ody mass

A

oxygen
carbon hydrogen
ntrogen

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2
Q

what is a mineral

A

inorganic element necessary for body to build tissues, regulate body fluids, or assist in various body functions

found in all body tissues

abn concentariatons can diagnose different disorders

cant provide energy by themselves but through regulating body they contribute to production of energy

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3
Q

where are minerals foudn

A

in water and natural fods alongside proteins, carb, fats, and vitamin

minerals in soil are absorbed by growing plants

humans otain minerals by eating plants gorwn in mineral-rich soil or by eating animals that have eaten such plants

determine mineral content by burning food and chemically anlayzing ashes

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4
Q

what are added to white flous and cereals to enrich them

A

iron
thiamine
riboflavin
niacin
folate

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5
Q

most minerals in food occur as ___

A

salts

therefore remain in fcoking water

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6
Q

major minerals

A

required in over 100 mg a daytrace

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7
Q

trace minerals

A

smaller than 100 mg a day

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8
Q

what are electrolytes

A

when mineral salts dissolve in water and break apart into ions

essential in maintaining bodys fluid balanace and contribute to its electrical balance, assist in its transmission of nerve impulses and contraction of muscles, and help regualte its acid-base balance

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9
Q

when are electroylte balance upseted

A

severe diarreha, vomiting, high feer, or burns,

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10
Q

woh recommended dietary allowances for minerals when research indiciates knowledge is adequate to do so

A

food and nutrition board of the national academy of sciences, national research counsil (NRC)

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11
Q

what mineral is most present in human body?

A

calcium

2% of body weight

154 lb person is 4 lb calcium

99% of calcium found in skeleton and teeth

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12
Q

functions of calcium

A

component of bonesand teeth gives them strength and hardness
ones store calcium

calcium needed for normal nerve and muscle action, blood clotting, heart function, and cell metablism

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13
Q

regulation of calcium

A

when blood clacium low parathyroid glands rekease hormone to tell kidneys to retreieve calcium before its excrete and working with calcitrol to stimulate osteclasts to release calcium to increase blood clacium levels

if blood calckum levels are high osteoblasts increase bone mass; bone mass is acquired until 30 yo; bones begin to weaken after menopause

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14
Q

sources of calcium

A

milk and milk products

legumes, tofu, and sardines eaten with the bones, fortified OJ

dark-green leafy veg but veg contains oxalic acid so calcium remains unavialbe because oxalic acid binds to it. also if fiber exceeds 35 g a day calcium will also bind with phytates which also limits its absoprtion

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15
Q

what factors encahnce absorption of calcium

A

adequate vitamin d
a calcium to phosphorous ratio of not more phosprorous than calcium

presence of lactose

weight-bearing exercises

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16
Q

adequate calcim intake for 0-6 mo

A

200 mg

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17
Q

adequate calcim intake for 6-12 mo

A

260 mg

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18
Q

adequate calcim intake for 1-3 y

A

700 mg

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19
Q

adequate calcim intake for 4-8 yo

A

1000 mg

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20
Q

adequate calcim intake for 9-18yo

A

1300 mg

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21
Q

adequate calcim intake for 19-50

A

1000 mg

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22
Q

adequate calcim intake for 51-70 y female

A

1000 mg

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23
Q

adequate calcim intake for 51-70 y male

A

1200 mg

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24
Q

adequate calcim intake for 70+ y

A

1200 mg

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25
Q

adequate calcim intake for pregnant women 14-18 y

A

1300 mg

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26
Q

adequate calcim intake for pregnant women 19-50 y

A

1000 mg

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27
Q

what has the highest concnetration of calcium

A

calcium carbonate

mist efficient absopriton at 500 mg

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28
Q

deficiency of calcium

A

results in rickets (poorly formed bone structure: bowed legs, pigeon chest, enrlaged writsts or ankles, stunted growth)

osteomalacia, osteoporosis, tetany,

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29
Q

adequate intake for phosphorous 0-6 mo

A

100 mg

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30
Q

adequate intake for phosphorus 7-12 mo

A

275 mg

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31
Q

RDA for phosphorous 1-3 y

A

460 mg

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32
Q

RDA for phosphorus 4-8 y

A

500 mg

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33
Q

RDA for phosphorus 9-18 y

A

1250 mg

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34
Q

RDA for phosphorus 19-70 y

A

700

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35
Q

RDA for phosphorous pregnant and lactating women

A

same for nonpregnant and nonlactating women of same age

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36
Q

what is phosphorus

A

necessary for formation of strong rigid bones and teeth

important in metabolism of carb, fats, and proteins

constitent of all body cells

necessary for proper acid-based balance of blood and essential for effective action of several B vitamins

stored in bones

absopriotn increased in presence of vitamin D

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37
Q

sources of phosphorus

A

widely distrbuted in foods

best sources are protein rich foods such as milk, cheese, meats, poultry, and fish

creeals, legumes, nuts, and soft drinks also have substantial amonts

Peas, potatoes, raisins, and avocados, baked products, chocolate, and carbonated soft drinks

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38
Q

phosphorus deficiency

A

rare because omnipresent

excessive use of antacids bc they affect absorption

symptoms include bone demineralization, fatigue, and anorexia

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39
Q

what is potassium

A

electroylte
foudn primarily in intracellular fluid

essentail for flui balanec and osmosis

necessary for transmission of nerve impusles and muscle contractiosn

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40
Q

osmosis and K and Na

A

moves the fluid into and out of cell as needed to maintain electroylte and fluid balance (more K inside, more Na outside)

pottasium maintain fluid level within cell (soidium maintain fluid level outside of cell)

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41
Q

what happens when sodium inside cell increases

A

fluid within cells increase, causing swelling and edema

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42
Q

what happens when sodium outside cell decrease

A

fluid enter cell to dilute potassium level, causing reuction in extracellular fluid and thus decrease in bp and dehydration

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43
Q

sources of potassium

A

found in many fruits

fruits esp melons, oranges, bananas, peaches, veg, mushrooms, brussels sprouts, potatoes, tomatoes, winter squash, limba beans, and carrots

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44
Q

deficiency of potassium

A

can be caused by diarrhea, vomiting, diabetic acidosis, severe malnutrition, excessive use of laxatives or diuretics

symptoms include nausea, anorexia, fatigue, muscle weakness, adn heart abnormaltieis (tachycardia)

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45
Q

what can hyperkalemia be caused by

A

dehydration
renal failure
excessive intake

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46
Q

what is sodium

A

electrolyte

function is contorl fluid balance in blood

cnotrols extracellular fluid and essential fr osmosis

necessary to maintain acid-based balance in body

particpate in transmission of nerve impulses essential for normal muscle function

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47
Q

sources of sodium

A

table salt (NaCl, 40% sodium)

1 tsp table salt = 2000 mg sidium

salt is typically added to commercially prepared foods

77% of sodium in our diet comes from restaurant and processed foods

softened water

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48
Q

DRI for sidium

A

1500 mg for 9 yo to adulthood

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49
Q

upper limit for sodium

A

2300 mg

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50
Q

deficieny of sodium

A

after severe vomiting, diarrhea, or heavy perspiration

results in dehyxration

also upsets acid-base balance

cells function best at neutral or slightly alkaline so too much acid loss (diring vomiting) can = alkalosis

if alkaline reserve is deficient as a result of staration or fault metabolism like in diabetes acidosis may occur

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51
Q

what can excess of siudm cause

A

edema
hypertension
cardiovascular conditions like CHF

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52
Q

salt sentive vs salt resistent

A

salt senstivie - greatest reduction in bp when sodium intake reduced

salt resistant - little or no reduction in bp with reduction of sodium nitaje

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53
Q

types of sodium diet

A

3-4g (NAS)
1-2g

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54
Q

What is chlorine

A

electrolye
essential to maintain fluid, electroyle, and acid-base balance

constituent of extraceullular fluids
component of gastric juices where, in combintion w hydrogen, its found in hydrochloric acid, CSF, and muscle and nerve tissue

helps blood carry CO2 to lungs and necessary during immune response when WBC attack foreing cells

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55
Q

sources of chlorine

A

exclusively in table salt and foods containing NaCL

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56
Q

daily requirement for chlrone

A

2300 mg a day

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57
Q

deficiecny of chlroide

A

rare bc found in salt

caused y sever evomiting, diarrhea, excessive use of diuretics, sodium restricted diets

reulstsin alkalosis

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58
Q

sources of magnesium

A

found primarily in plant foods

leafy green veerables, legumes, nuts, hole grains, and some fruits (like avocadoes and banasas)

milk

lost duiringcommercial food processing and in cooking water so preferable to eat veg and fruit raw

potatoes, seafoods, dairy, whole-grain

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59
Q

magnesium

A

vital to both hard and soft body tissues

essential for metabolism

regulate nerve and muscle functoins (including heart)

plays from in blood clotting

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60
Q

deficiency of mangsium

A

among people in wild is unknown

experimentally induced mangesium deficiecny = nausea and mental, emotional, and muscular disorders
- weakness, heart irregularities, disorientation, and seizures

usually caused by other conditions like starvation or extended periods of vomiting or diarrhea; Alcohol consumptions increases magnesium excretion. Therefore, alcoholics are at an increased risk of magnesium deficiency

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61
Q

daily magnesium intake for 0-6 mo

A

30 mg/day

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62
Q

daily magnesium intake for 6-12 mo

A

75 mg/day

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63
Q

daily magnesium intake for 1-3yo

A

80 mg day

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64
Q

daily magnesium intake for 4-8yo

A

130 mg day

65
Q

daily magnesium intake for 9-13 yo male

A

240 mg day

66
Q

daily magnesium intake for 14-18 y male

A

410

67
Q

daily magnesium intake for 19-30 y male

A

400

68
Q

daily magnesium intake for 31-70+ y male

A

420

69
Q

daily magnesium intake for 9-13 y female

A

240

70
Q

daily magnesium intake for 14-18 y female

A

360

71
Q

daily magnesium intake for 19-30 y female

A

310

72
Q

daily magnesium intake for 31-70+ female

A

320

73
Q

daily magnesium intake for 14-18 pregnant

A

400

74
Q

daily magnesium intake for 19-30 pregnany

A

350

75
Q

daily magnesium intake for 31-50 pregnant

A

360

76
Q

daily magnesium intake for 14-18 lactating

A

360

77
Q

daily magnesium intake for 19-30 lactating

A

310

78
Q

daily magnesium intake for 31-50 lactating

A

320

79
Q

AI intake for potassium

A

4.7a

80
Q

AI for sodium

A

1.5

81
Q

AI for chlroide

A

2.3

82
Q

what is sulfur

A

found in all body cells
contributes to odor of burning hair and tissue
necesary for metabolism

83
Q

requirement or defiiceny of sulfur

A

unknown :p

84
Q

sources of sulfur

A

component of some amino acids and found in protei nrich foods

85
Q

what is iron

A

delier oxygen to body tissue
component of hemoglobin = red color of RBC
hemoglobin allow RVC t ocombine w oxtgen in lungs and carry it to body tissue
component of myoglobin, protein compoun sin muscles that provides oxygen to cells and constituents of other body compounds involved in oxtfen transort

utilized by enzumes involved in making amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters

86
Q

soruces of iron

A

meat poultry and fish

whole grain cereals, enriched grain products, veg, fruit, eggs, meat, fish, and poultry

87
Q

heme iron is absorbed more than _____ as effectively as nonhmee iron

A

twice

88
Q

how is iron absorbed

A

chemically changed from ferric to ferrous iron thorugh HCL in stomach

absorption of nonheme iron enchanced by vitamin C-rich food as it holds iron in ferous form

meat protein factor (MPF) can aid in absorption of nonheme iron

89
Q

what can reduce body absorption of iron

A

phytic acid and oxalic acid

polyphenols such as tannins in tea and coffee

antacid containing calcium and calcium supplementals

90
Q

NRC determine how much iron is lost daily

A

men lose approx 1 mg a day
women lose 1.5 mg a day

91
Q

____% of ingested iron is absorbed

A

`10

92
Q

DRI fir iron

A

10 mg for men

15 mg for women 11 to childbearing

doubled during pregnancy

15mg for women, increases to 18 for 19-50 yo then drop to 8mg post menopause

Male 14-18 has 11 mg which drops to 9 mg after 19

93
Q

deficiency of iron

A

caused by insuffucient intaje, malabsorption, lack of sufficient stomach acid, excessive blood loss,

decreased store of iron prevent hemoglobin synthesis which can become iron deficiency anemia

symptoms include fatigue, weakness, irritablity, SOB, pale skin, spoon shaped finger nails

94
Q

toxicity of iron

A

hemochromatosis - inborn error of metabolism, cuases excessive absopriton of iron

damage liver spleen, and heart

terat w phlebotomy (pint of blood removed)

liver damage, infections, bloody stools

95
Q

what is iodine

A

component of thyrod hormones (thyroxine, triiodothironine)

necessary for normal function of thyroid gland, determines rate of metablism

96
Q

primary sources of iodine

A

iodized salt, seafood, plant foods grown in soil bordering the sea

97
Q

requriremnt of iodine

A

150 mg a day (more during pregnancy and lactation)

98
Q

deficiecny of iodine

A

T4 and T3 production are decreased

results in goiter (more common in men then women)

causes myxedema (hypothyroidism)

in newborn cretinism

weight gain, slowed mental and physical response

99
Q

What is zinc

A

cofactor for more than 300 enzumes

affect many body tissues

essential for gowht, wound healing, taste acuity, glucose tolerances, mobilization of vitami nA within the body

100
Q

sources of zinc

A

protein foods esp meat fish eggs dairy productions wheat germ and legumes

101
Q

DRI for zinc

A

11 mg for male 14+
8 mg for female (other books says 9 mg for 14-18, 8 mg for 19+)

inc during pregancy and lactation

102
Q

symptoms of deficiency of zine

A

decreased appetite and taste acuity
delayed growth
dwarfism
hypogonadism
poor wound healing
anemia
acne like rash
impaired immune response

103
Q

what is selenium

A

constituent of most body tissues

mostly in liver kidneys and heart

works with vitamin E in an antioxidant capacity. It assists an enzyme
that helps reduce damage to cell membranes due to exposure to oxygen

104
Q

function of selenium

A

component of enzyme that cts as antioxidant

protect cell against oxidation and spares vitamin E

105
Q

sources of selenium

A

seafood
kidney
liver
muscle meats

106
Q

DRI of selenium

A

70 mcg

107
Q

deifciency of selenum

A

unknown but maybe keshan disease

heart disease

108
Q

txocity of selenium

A

1 mg or high selenium can cause vomiting, loss of hair and nails, and skin lession

109
Q

copper

A

found in all tissue
heaviest concentration in liver, kidneys, muscles, and brain

helps form hemoglobin, aids in transport of iron to bone marrow to form RBC

participates in energy prodcution

110
Q

sources of copper

A

many food

organ meats, shellfish, legumes, nuts, cocoa, whole grain cereal

human milk.

111
Q

DRI for copper

A

900 mcg

RDA is 890 mcg

112
Q

dficiency of copper

A

extremely rare

occur w malabsorption condition and gross protein deficiecny (kwashiorkor)

sometimes in premature infants and in ppl with long term parenteral nutrition (feeding via vein) lacking copper

caused by taking excess zine supplementals

results in anemia, bone demineralization, impaired growth

113
Q

toxicity of copper

A

10-15 mg can cuase vomiting

wilsons disease is inherited condition that results in accumulation of coppoer in liver, brain, kidneys, and cornea

causes damage to liver cells and neurons

can treat w coipper binding agents in blpod stream to increase excretion

114
Q

manganese

A

constituent of several enzymes involved in metabolism

important in bone formation

plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism and in normal skeletal development.

115
Q

sources of manganese

A

whoel grains and tea
veg and fruits

116
Q

AI of manganese

A

2.3 mg for men (2.2 in other book)
1.8 mg for women (1.6 in other book)

117
Q

toxicity of manganese

A

neurological problems from high concentartion of mangangese dust

toxicity and deficiency is unknown though

118
Q

fluoride

A

increases ones resistance to dental caries

strenghtne bones and teeth by making bone mineral less soluble and thus less inclines to be reabsorbed

119
Q

sources of fluoride

A

fluoriated water

fish and tea

commerically prepared food w fluoridiated water

120
Q

AI requirement for fluoride

A

4 mg for men
3mg for women

other books says 3 mg for both m and f

121
Q

deficiency of fluoride

A

tooth decay

122
Q

excess of fluoride

A

permanent discoloration or mottling of childrens teeth

123
Q

chromium

A

glucose and lipid metaoblism

decrease w age except in lungs (chromium accumulates)

124
Q

sources of chromium

A

meat mushrooms nuts organ meats
wheat germ

125
Q

AI for chromium

A

35 mg for men
25 mg for women

126
Q

deficiency in chromium

A

disturbrances in glucose metabolism

127
Q

Molybdenum

A

constituent of enzumes and thought to play roel in metaboliksm

128
Q

best sources of molybdenum

A

milk liver legumes and cerea

129
Q

adequate daily intake requirement of molybdenum

A

45 mcg

130
Q

excessive intake of molybdenum

A

can inhibit copper absoption

131
Q

how manyminerals are essential for good healt h (that weknow of)

A

21

132
Q

how many minerals have RDI’s

A

15

133
Q

macrominerals

A

required in the diet in amounts of 100 or more milligrams per day

134
Q

microminerals or trace minerals

A

required in amounts of less than 100 milligrams per day

135
Q

ultratrace minerals

A

need in extremely small amoutns

like boron only needed in 1-3mg

136
Q

macriminerals include

A

Calcium
Phosphorus Magnesium
Sulfur Sodium
Potassium Chloride

137
Q

microminerals include

A

Iron
Zinc Iodine
Fluoride Selenium Copper
Chromium Manganese Molybdenum

138
Q

trace minerals include

A

Arsenic Boron Nickel Silicon
Vanadium

139
Q

All the minerals in your body combined make up only about_____ percent of
your body mass

A

four

140
Q

functions of minerals

A
  • helping enzymes complete chemical reactions
  • becoming part of body components * aiding normal nerve functioning and muscle contraction
  • promoting growth
  • regulating acid-base balance in the body
  • maintaining body fluid balance
141
Q

what is bone mass

A

amount of minerals contained in a given volume of bone

142
Q

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for calcium general

A

males and females ages 14 - 18: 1,300 mg
At age 19 decreases to 1,000 mg

The RDA increases again for women over age 50 and men over age 70.

143
Q

NIH (National Institutes of Health) reported only ____ percent of older female teens met their daily need for calcium.

A

10

144
Q

___ percent of Male teens meet their need for calcium

A

30

145
Q

toxicity of calcium side effecta

A

kidney stones, constipation, and gas

146
Q

One out of _____ women will face osteoporosis at
some point in their lives.

A

two

147
Q

phosphorous makes us ___% of our body eight

A

1.5

148
Q

Phosphorus and calcium together represent more than ______ of all the mineral weight in your body.

A

half

149
Q

effect of excess phosphorus

A

hinder the absorption of other minerals

can contribute to bone loss and reduce calcium absorption and utilization

150
Q

typical eating habits of US teens yields roughly __________ more phosphorus than calcium.

A

2-4x

151
Q

P and Ca balance

A

if excess P, Ca may be leeched from bones to neutrailize acid effect of P

152
Q

The magnesium content in the body of an adult is less than ____ ounces

A

two

153
Q

toxicity from magneiusm

A

exceeds 350 mg

weakness ands nausea

154
Q

potassium intake for adolescent and adults females and males

A

Adolescent F - 2300 mg
adult F - 2600 mg

adolescent males - 3000 mg
adults M - 3400 mg

155
Q

sodium sensitive

A

10-15% of population

kidneys have difficulity getting rid of extra sodium

156
Q

deficiency of zinc symptoms

A

inder a child’s growth and sexual development.

loss of appetite, reduced resistance to infections, and a decreased sense of taste and smell.

157
Q

toxicity of zinc

A

difficult but usally cause supplements

affects absorbent of iron and copper + impair the immune system and reduce good cholesterol (HDL) levels. Toxicity symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and impaired functioning of the immune system.

158
Q

RDA for selenium

A

55 mcg

nutrition (21 decks)

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