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nutrition > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

body protein contnet is adult level of about __% of body weight

A

18

18-20

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2
Q

what is the word protein derived from

A

gree for of first importance

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3
Q

function of proteins

A

build and reapir body tissues
play major roles in regulating body functions and provide energy if there is insufficient carb and fat in the diet

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4
Q

primary function of proteins

A

build and repair body tissues
made possible by provision of the correct type and number of amino acids
as cells r catabolized and amino acids are released into blood they are anabolized (recycling!)how

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5
Q

how do proteins regulate body function

A

important component of hormones and enzymes that regulate metabolism and digetstion
also maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and thus prevent edema
also develop antibodies = healthy immune systemh

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6
Q

how do proteisn provide energy

A

if carb and fat in diet r insufficient
4 cal per gram
more expense than carb and most complete proteins also contain saturated fats and cholesterol

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7
Q

animal sources of protein

A

highest quality of compelte protein, meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk and cheese

  • also have sat fat and cholesterol so should choose low fat animal foods like fish, poultry, lean meats, and low fat dairy, egg to 2-3 a week if hyperlipedmic

baked salmon over fried fish
grilled turkey burger over double cheeseburger
brolied center cut boneless pork chop over bbq ribs
-

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8
Q

plant sources of proteins

A
  • incomplete proteins and lower biologoc qualitiey than those found in animal foods
  • nuts, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, legumes like soybeans, navy beans, pinto beans, split peas, chickpeas, and peanuts, grains like wheat, barley, corn, and rice
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9
Q

at around 50 muscle mass loss avg _____% per year

A

1-2

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10
Q

muscle strenght declines by an avg of __% per year once we hit t60

A

3

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11
Q

by 70 we may have lost ___ of our muscle strength

A

20-40%

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12
Q

recommend level of ___ g/kg/day of protein for elderly

A

1-1.3

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13
Q

what are analogues

A

meat alternatives

made from soybeans and contain soy protein and other ingredients to simulate meat

may be canned dried or frozen

excellent source of protein, iron, and b vitamin

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14
Q

what is tofu

A

soft, cheese-like food made from soy milk
bland, easily absorbs flavor of other ingredients

rich in high-quality proteins and b vitamins and is low in sodium

textured soy protein and tofu ar eboth economical and nutrious meat replacements

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15
Q

how do people following lacto-ovo veg or lacto-veg diets meet protein requirements

A

balanced diet including milk, and milk prpducts, enriched grains, nuts and legumes

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16
Q

how many amino acids

A

20

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17
Q

how many essential amino acids

A

10

(other source says 9)

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18
Q

what two additional amino acids are incorportated into proteins during translation

A

selenocysteine

pyrrolysine

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19
Q

what are complete proteins

A

proteins containing all essential amino acids

extremely bioavailable

nonessential amino acids can be produced by body from essential acids, vitamins, and minerals

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20
Q

what are incomplete proteins

A

those lacking one or more essential amino acids

incomplete proteins cant. build tissue wo help of other proteins

value increases when eaten in combination w another incomplete protein during the same day - when this occurs protein are called complementary proteins

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21
Q

what is the only animal protein that is incomplete protein

A

gelatin

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22
Q

composition of proteins

A

C H O N and sometimes S

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23
Q

what determines the specific type of proteins within each person

A

hereditarhy

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24
Q

essential amino acids

A

arginine
histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
tryptophan
valine

25
Q

nonessential amino acids

A

alanine
arginine
asparagine
aspartic acid
cysteine
glutamic acid
glutamine
glycine
histidien
proline
serine
tyrosine

26
Q

what are amino acids that are essential during childhood only

A

arginine
histidine
arginine
histidine

27
Q

what do all amino acids contain

A

chemical backbone of a carbon atom
amine group which contain nitrogen
acid group
side group

28
Q

what does HCL due regarding proteins

A

prepares stomach so enyme pepsine can reduce proteins to polypeptides

29
Q

what three pancreatix enzymes continue polypeptide digestion

A

trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase

30
Q

what is deamination

A

amino acids are broken down and nitrogen-containing amine group is stripped off
produced ammonia which is released into the bloodstream by the cells

liver picks up ammonia, converts it to urea, then return to bloodstream for the kidneys to filter out and excrete

remaining parts are used for energy r converted to carb or fat and stored as glycogen or adipose tissue

31
Q

what determines protein requirements

A

size, age, sex, physical and emotioal codition

32
Q

when are extra protein reqiures

A

after surgery
severe birns
during infection to replace lost tissue and manufacture antibodies
emotional trauma can cause body to excrete nitrogen than it normally does thus inc need for protein foods

33
Q

avg adult daily requirement for protein

A

0.8 g per kg of body weight

34
Q

proteins for infants 0-6 mo

A

9.1 g/day

35
Q

g/ day proteins for 7-12 mo infant

A

11

36
Q

g/ day proteins for children 1-3 y

A

13

37
Q

g/ day proteins for 4-8 y

A

19

38
Q

g/ day proteins for male and female 9-13 y

A

34

39
Q

g/ day proteins for male 14-18 y

A

52

40
Q

g/ day proteins for 19-70+ male

A

56

41
Q

g/ day proteins for female 9-13 y

A

34

42
Q

g/ day proteins for 14-70+ female

A

46

43
Q

g/ day proteins for pregnany and lactating fmeale

A

71

44
Q

long-term high protein can cause

A

colon cancer
high calcium excretion (deplete bon of calcium and may contribute to osteoporosis)
may ingore essential fruits and veg
access protein could = more demands on liver and kidneys

45
Q

CDC protein intake req ___ Of one’s daily cal intake

A

10-35%

46
Q

what is positive itrogen balalnce

A

intake of nitrigne exceeds amt excreted
new tissue being formed, pregnancy, children growingyears, athletes develop additional muscle tissue, tissue rebuilt after physical trauma

47
Q

what is negtive nitrogen balance

A

indicate protein is being lost

my be caused by fevers, injury, surgery, burins, starvation or immobilization

48
Q

what happens in protein deficiency

A

mujscle wasting will occur
arms and legs become very thing
albumin deficiency will cause edema
loose appetite, strength, and weight and wounds my heal slowly

if edema then letharigc and depressed, seen in grossly neglected children or in lederly, poor, or incapicatedwhat i

49
Q

what is protein energh malnutritio n

A

lack both protein and energy-rich foods
common in developingcountries
children lacking sufficient proteins don’t grow to potential size
infants born to mothers eating insufficient proteins during pregnancy can have permanently impaired mental capacities

50
Q

what is marasmus

A

severe malnutrition
young children and adults lacking energy and protein foods and vitamin minerals
emaciated ut no edema
hair is dull and dry
skin is thin and wrinkled

51
Q

what is kwashiorkor

A

suddent or recent lack of protein-containing foods (like in famine)
causes fat to accumulate in liver and lack of protein and hormones = edema = painful skin lesions = changes in pigment of skin and hair

mortality rate is high

52
Q

differences between marasmus and kwashiorkor

A

marasmus - total surface fat and mid arm circumference decreased, weight decreased, albumin WNL or decreased, immune function normal, dull, dry hair, emaciated wrinkled appearance, lack of protein and total energy

kwashiorkor - TSD and MAC WNL
- weight possiblyWNL
- visceral protein decreased
- immune function decreased
- reddish color hair
- puffy appearance
- edema

53
Q

what acconuts for more than half ofthe body’s protein

A

Skeletal muscle accounts for more than half of body protein

54
Q

what percent of protein is lost every day?

A

3%

55
Q

how does body use proteins

A

our body must digest and absorb the food protein you eat so that it can make
body protein. When you eat a food protein, stomach acids present in the stomach denature the protein. As the protein is denatured, it unfolds and becomes more accessible to enzymes. The enzymes in the stomach begin breaking down pro-tein molecules into shorter strands of amino acids and single amino acids. The strands vary in length from two amino acids (called dipeptides), to three amino acids (called tripeptides), to some longer strands.

The single amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides, and longer strands move into
the small intestine. In the small intestine, the cells lining the intestinal walls fin-ish splitting the di-and tripeptides and absorb them along with the single amino acids. The amino acids are then released into the bloodstream. The blood carries these amino acids to body cells that need them. The cells use these single amino acids to assemble new proteins as needed.

56
Q

RDA for ppl 14-18 yo

A

0.85g per kg

57
Q

How many pounds of seafood, poultry, and meat do Americans consume yearly?

A

200 lb

58
Q

On average, women in the United States eat almost _____ times the RDA for protein.

A

1.5

59
Q

Men eat nearly the RDA for protein.

A

2x

nutrition (21 decks)

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