chapter 6 Flashcards
body protein contnet is adult level of about __% of body weight
18
18-20
what is the word protein derived from
gree for of first importance
function of proteins
build and reapir body tissues
play major roles in regulating body functions and provide energy if there is insufficient carb and fat in the diet
primary function of proteins
build and repair body tissues
made possible by provision of the correct type and number of amino acids
as cells r catabolized and amino acids are released into blood they are anabolized (recycling!)how
how do proteins regulate body function
important component of hormones and enzymes that regulate metabolism and digetstion
also maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and thus prevent edema
also develop antibodies = healthy immune systemh
how do proteisn provide energy
if carb and fat in diet r insufficient
4 cal per gram
more expense than carb and most complete proteins also contain saturated fats and cholesterol
animal sources of protein
highest quality of compelte protein, meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk and cheese
- also have sat fat and cholesterol so should choose low fat animal foods like fish, poultry, lean meats, and low fat dairy, egg to 2-3 a week if hyperlipedmic
baked salmon over fried fish
grilled turkey burger over double cheeseburger
brolied center cut boneless pork chop over bbq ribs
-
plant sources of proteins
- incomplete proteins and lower biologoc qualitiey than those found in animal foods
- nuts, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, legumes like soybeans, navy beans, pinto beans, split peas, chickpeas, and peanuts, grains like wheat, barley, corn, and rice
at around 50 muscle mass loss avg _____% per year
1-2
muscle strenght declines by an avg of __% per year once we hit t60
3
by 70 we may have lost ___ of our muscle strength
20-40%
recommend level of ___ g/kg/day of protein for elderly
1-1.3
what are analogues
meat alternatives
made from soybeans and contain soy protein and other ingredients to simulate meat
may be canned dried or frozen
excellent source of protein, iron, and b vitamin
what is tofu
soft, cheese-like food made from soy milk
bland, easily absorbs flavor of other ingredients
rich in high-quality proteins and b vitamins and is low in sodium
textured soy protein and tofu ar eboth economical and nutrious meat replacements
how do people following lacto-ovo veg or lacto-veg diets meet protein requirements
balanced diet including milk, and milk prpducts, enriched grains, nuts and legumes
how many amino acids
20
how many essential amino acids
10
(other source says 9)
what two additional amino acids are incorportated into proteins during translation
selenocysteine
pyrrolysine
what are complete proteins
proteins containing all essential amino acids
extremely bioavailable
nonessential amino acids can be produced by body from essential acids, vitamins, and minerals
what are incomplete proteins
those lacking one or more essential amino acids
incomplete proteins cant. build tissue wo help of other proteins
value increases when eaten in combination w another incomplete protein during the same day - when this occurs protein are called complementary proteins
what is the only animal protein that is incomplete protein
gelatin
composition of proteins
C H O N and sometimes S
what determines the specific type of proteins within each person
hereditarhy
essential amino acids
arginine
histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
tryptophan
valine
nonessential amino acids
alanine
arginine
asparagine
aspartic acid
cysteine
glutamic acid
glutamine
glycine
histidien
proline
serine
tyrosine
what are amino acids that are essential during childhood only
arginine
histidine
arginine
histidine
what do all amino acids contain
chemical backbone of a carbon atom
amine group which contain nitrogen
acid group
side group
what does HCL due regarding proteins
prepares stomach so enyme pepsine can reduce proteins to polypeptides
what three pancreatix enzymes continue polypeptide digestion
trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
what is deamination
amino acids are broken down and nitrogen-containing amine group is stripped off
produced ammonia which is released into the bloodstream by the cells
liver picks up ammonia, converts it to urea, then return to bloodstream for the kidneys to filter out and excrete
remaining parts are used for energy r converted to carb or fat and stored as glycogen or adipose tissue
what determines protein requirements
size, age, sex, physical and emotioal codition
when are extra protein reqiures
after surgery
severe birns
during infection to replace lost tissue and manufacture antibodies
emotional trauma can cause body to excrete nitrogen than it normally does thus inc need for protein foods
avg adult daily requirement for protein
0.8 g per kg of body weight
proteins for infants 0-6 mo
9.1 g/day
g/ day proteins for 7-12 mo infant
11
g/ day proteins for children 1-3 y
13
g/ day proteins for 4-8 y
19
g/ day proteins for male and female 9-13 y
34
g/ day proteins for male 14-18 y
52
g/ day proteins for 19-70+ male
56
g/ day proteins for female 9-13 y
34
g/ day proteins for 14-70+ female
46
g/ day proteins for pregnany and lactating fmeale
71
long-term high protein can cause
colon cancer
high calcium excretion (deplete bon of calcium and may contribute to osteoporosis)
may ingore essential fruits and veg
access protein could = more demands on liver and kidneys
CDC protein intake req ___ Of one’s daily cal intake
10-35%
what is positive itrogen balalnce
intake of nitrigne exceeds amt excreted
new tissue being formed, pregnancy, children growingyears, athletes develop additional muscle tissue, tissue rebuilt after physical trauma
what is negtive nitrogen balance
indicate protein is being lost
my be caused by fevers, injury, surgery, burins, starvation or immobilization
what happens in protein deficiency
mujscle wasting will occur
arms and legs become very thing
albumin deficiency will cause edema
loose appetite, strength, and weight and wounds my heal slowly
if edema then letharigc and depressed, seen in grossly neglected children or in lederly, poor, or incapicatedwhat i
what is protein energh malnutritio n
lack both protein and energy-rich foods
common in developingcountries
children lacking sufficient proteins don’t grow to potential size
infants born to mothers eating insufficient proteins during pregnancy can have permanently impaired mental capacities
what is marasmus
severe malnutrition
young children and adults lacking energy and protein foods and vitamin minerals
emaciated ut no edema
hair is dull and dry
skin is thin and wrinkled
what is kwashiorkor
suddent or recent lack of protein-containing foods (like in famine)
causes fat to accumulate in liver and lack of protein and hormones = edema = painful skin lesions = changes in pigment of skin and hair
mortality rate is high
differences between marasmus and kwashiorkor
marasmus - total surface fat and mid arm circumference decreased, weight decreased, albumin WNL or decreased, immune function normal, dull, dry hair, emaciated wrinkled appearance, lack of protein and total energy
kwashiorkor - TSD and MAC WNL
- weight possiblyWNL
- visceral protein decreased
- immune function decreased
- reddish color hair
- puffy appearance
- edema
what acconuts for more than half ofthe body’s protein
Skeletal muscle accounts for more than half of body protein
what percent of protein is lost every day?
3%
how does body use proteins
our body must digest and absorb the food protein you eat so that it can make
body protein. When you eat a food protein, stomach acids present in the stomach denature the protein. As the protein is denatured, it unfolds and becomes more accessible to enzymes. The enzymes in the stomach begin breaking down pro-tein molecules into shorter strands of amino acids and single amino acids. The strands vary in length from two amino acids (called dipeptides), to three amino acids (called tripeptides), to some longer strands.
The single amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides, and longer strands move into
the small intestine. In the small intestine, the cells lining the intestinal walls fin-ish splitting the di-and tripeptides and absorb them along with the single amino acids. The amino acids are then released into the bloodstream. The blood carries these amino acids to body cells that need them. The cells use these single amino acids to assemble new proteins as needed.
RDA for ppl 14-18 yo
0.85g per kg
How many pounds of seafood, poultry, and meat do Americans consume yearly?
200 lb
On average, women in the United States eat almost _____ times the RDA for protein.
1.5
Men eat nearly the RDA for protein.
2x
