chapter 10 - pregnancy Flashcards
why increase nutrients and caloreis during pregancy
fetus, amniotic fluid, placenta, increased blood volume, and breast, uterine, and fat tissue
wwhat is a low birth infant though to be
less than 5.5 lb
weight gain during pregnancy
7.5 lb for fetus
1 lb for palcenta
2 lb for aniotic fluid and uterus
1-3 lb for breasts
4 lb for increased blood volume
4+ lb for maternal fat
avg is 25-35 lbho
how much weight gain by trimester
2-4 lb in first trimester
1lb a week during second and third trimerster
folic acid and pregnancy
correlation btwn folic acid and babies w brain and spinal cord defects
400 mcg of flic acid daily
pregnant rdi
protein - 1.1
vitamin a - 750; 700
vitamin d - 15
vitamin e - 15
vitamin k - 75;90
vitamin c - 80;85
thiamine - 1.4
reboflavin - 1.4
niacin - 18
vitamin B6 - 1.9
folate - 600
vitamin B12 - 2.6
calcium - 1300;1000
phosphorus - 1250;700
magnesium - 360;310
fluoride - 3
iron - 27
zinc - 12; 11
iodine - 220
selenium -60
lactating rdi
protein - 1.3
vitamin a - 1200;1300
vitamin d - 15
vitamin e - 19
vitamin k - 75;90
vitamin c - 115;2120
thiamine - 1.4
reboflavin - 1.6
niacin - 17
vitamin B6 - 2
folate - 500
vitamin B12 - 2.8
calcium - 1300; 1000
phosphorus - 1250; 700
magnesium - 360;310
fluoride - 3
iron - 10
zinc - 13;12
iodine - 290
selenium - 70
protein requirement increase to __ during pregnancy
60 f
what has excess vitamin A (mo than 3000 RE) known to cause
hydrocephaly
microcephaly
mental retardation
ear and eye abnormaltiies
cleft lip and palate
heart defects
required amt of vitami nD
15 mcg or 600 IU
requireed amt of vitamin E
15 mg
AI of vitamin K
75-90 mcg
fetus increases its hemoglobin level to ___ per 100 mL of blood
2-022
how much do caloreis need to increase during pregnancy by trimster
first - not at all
second - 340 cal a day
third - 450 a day
what is one of the best ways to consume extra caloreis during pregnancy
drinking an additional two servings of milk per day
protein, calcium, phosphorus, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin
150 cal + sat fat and cholesterol for whole milk
90 cal for fat free
what is morning sickenss + how to releive
nausea during first trimester
relieve by eating dry crackers or dry toast before rising
eat small, frequent meals
avoid foods w offensives odors
avoid liquids at mealtimes
hyperemesis gravidarum
severe and lief theratening nausea
mother is hospitalized and given parenteral nutrition
how to relieve constipation and hemorrhoids
eating high-bfiber foods
daily exercise
drinking at least 8 glasses of liquid a day
respond immediately to urge to defecate
what is heart burn
relaxation of cardiac sphincter and smooth muscle bc of progesterone
as fetus grows it pushes on mothers stomach, causing stomach acid to move int lower esophaus and create burnig sensation
relevied thorugh small, frequent meals, avoid picy or geasy foods, avoid liquids w meals, wait at least an hour after eating before lying down, waiting at least 2 hours before exercising
excessive weight gain
reevaluate diet and eliminate candy, cookies, rich desserts, chips, salad dressings, sweetneed beverages
drink fat free milk
clean, crips, raw veg (broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, celery, cucumbers, zucchini sticks, or radishes dipped in a low-fat salad dressing or salsa)
fruit and custards w fat-free milk
broiling, baking, or boiling foods instead of frying
what is pergnacny-induced hypertension
aka toxemia or preeclampsia
high bpa, proteunuria (albumin in urine) and edema (sudden increase in weight)
can progress to eclamptic (convulsive) stage w convulsions, coma, and death of mom and baby
more in first time pregnacnies, multifetal pregnancies, morbid obese moterhs, inadequate (protein defieicnt mothers), and adolescents
what is pica
craving for nonfood substances like starch ,clay (soil) or rice
relieves nausea/ cultural heritage
ingesting soil has bacteria + could cause intensitnal block and prevent absopriton of minerals
what is anemia
insuffiency of RBC, hemoglobin or blood volume
dont recieve sufficient o2 from blood and consequenly feels waak and tire,d poor appetitie and pail
iron deficiency is most common
folate defieicny coudl = megalblastic anemia (too few RVC and large immature abc)
fetal alchohol syndrome (FAS)
alc consumption is associated w subnormal physical and metnal devleopment of fetus
premature, low birth weight, small head, short eye slits (eyes appears to be set far apart), fat midface, thin upper lip, growth defiency (lowest tenth of age norms), CS dysfunction (hyperactivity, seizusres, attention deficits, and microcephaly)
fetal alchohol effect
less deramatic or no physical defects but w behavior and psychosocial probelsm
not able to lead normal lives due to deficients in intelligence and behavioral and social abilities
when mom consumes alc it enters fetal bloodstream but they cant metabolize as easily so it stays longer
caffeine and pregnancy
limit to 2 cups a day (less than 300 mgday)
drugs derived from vitmain a can cause
fetal malformations and spotaneous abortion
illegal drugs
infant born addicted and possibly w HIV (physician may prescribe AZT)t
tobacco and pregnancy
more mother smokes, smaller the baby bc smoking reduces O2 and nutrients carried by blood
can cause SIDS, fetal death, spontenaoeus aboriton, complicaton at birth
gestational diaetes
35-60% risk of developing T2D later in life
increases risk of physica or mental defects in infant, stillbirth, and macrosomia (birth wt over 9 lb) unless glucose levels are carefully monitored
when should pregnant women get tested for dibateres
btw 24 and 28 weeks of gestation
artiical sweetners and pregnancy
deemed safe
healthy eating with gestational diabetes
distribute carb over smaller and more freuqnet amts (3 meals, 2-3 snacks)
2-3 hrs btwn meals
restrict carbs during breakfasts (no more than 45 g of carb and avoid simple carbs like fruits ro refined cereals)
what are adolescent pregnant ppl vulnerable
pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)
premature
cardiovascualr and kidnet probelms later
leading cause of deaths among newborns
lactation
to produce and secrete breast milk to nourish infant
caused by oxytocin (milk ejecton from breast, released by infant sucing mechanisms - let-down reflex) and prolacting (milk production)
if breast augmentation or reduction cant breast feed
takes 2-3 weeks to fully establish routines
human milk is formulated to meet nutrient needs for first 6 months
what is a lactation specialist
expert on breastfeeding and helps new mothers who may hae problems such as baby not latching on
best first food is breast milk
what are the benefits of breastfeeding
- right mix of carb, protein, fat, vitmains, and mienrals for brain development, growth, and digestion
- lowers baby risk of asthma or allergies (100 ingredients not found in formula)
- lower incidence of ear infections, diarrhea, viruses, and hopsital admissions bc receive immunities from mother
- good jaw development + straight, healthy teeth
- skin to skin = bonding (kangaroo care)
- mom lose pounds during prengancy and uterus go back to original size
can use breast pump
breast milk storage
6-8 hours at room temp
5 days in refrigerator
3-6 mo in refrigerator freezer
6-12 mo in deep freezer
don’t reheat breast milk in microwave or on stove as it will kill immune-enchancing ability
calories required to produce 100 mL of milk + amt of cal required per day
85 cal
640 cal per day for 750 mL (then 510 cal 6 mo later when baby eats food)titue
institue of medicine suggest cal increase
500 a day for first 6 months
400 a day for 7-9 mo
1 oz of human milk contians 20 cal
how many grams of protein secreted in milk a day
10g
nutrients during lactation
vitmain C
extra fat-free milk
cal
iron
zinc
copper
calcium
vitmain d
vitmain b12
fluids (water and fruit juice)
what percent of total energy to support basal metabolism does the brain and livertake?
40%
avg cal per hr used when sleeping
60
avg cal used per hour during sedentary activities
80-100
avg cal used per hour during moderate activities
170-240
avg cal used per hour during strenous acitivites
250-350
avg cal used per hour during vigorous
350+
range of heatlhy body fat precentages for females
25-31%
range of heatlhy body fat precentages for males
18-24%
max healthy weight circumfernce for men
40 inch
types of milk during lactation
1st–Colostrum Time Frame
First 3–5 days following birth
* creamy, yellow, thick milk * high in protein, vitamins, minerals, and antibodies
2nd–Transitional milk Lasts about 2 weeks: * thinner, whiter milk * high in fat, lactose, and vitamins
3rd–Mature milk Characteristics Until baby is weaned * 90% water for hydration * carbohydrate, protein, and fat needed for growth and energy
serving size for infants
1 tbsp
When fully grown, males will have ____ times the muscle tissue and two-thirds as much fat tissue as females.
