chapter 12 - children Flashcards
what is the most effective approach to feeding children
authoritiative feeding style
responsiveness to children
structure and boundaries around mealtime
respect for childrens food choices in context of what parent is serving
meals are served on time, responds to children hunger and fullness, allows reasonable coice around food, and lets child regulate their own eating (how much and which foods present at mealtimes)
what is authoritatian style feeding
contsntly controlling childs intake by insisitng child eats exactly the way the parent wantsp
permissive feeding
feeding in which there are few boundaries with eating
neglectful feeding style
healthy family ntutrition is barely a thought or priority
what does eating together do to childern
healtheir bodies
better in school
less isk-taking behaviors w drugs and alchohol
improved self-esteem
approx weight gain of child durign 2nd year of life
5 lb
it can take up to how many times exposure before a new food is eaten
10
what is a good. way to arounse interest in food and desire to eat it
in small amounts, attractive to eye, assist in purchasing and preparing new food
play w pretend food
children food ercommendation
whole milk before age 2 for brain development then low-fat or fat-free after afe 2
no salt their own food or salty foods, no sugary foods
sensitive and rehect hot foods (like crisp, mid, and familiar fiids)
wary of foods ocvered in sauce or gravy
what is a ood jags
eating only 1 or 2 fodo
rituals
not letting foods touch on plate or different spoon for each foods eaten
how to prevent choking
dont give chlidren under age 4 peantus, grapes, hot dogs, raw carrots, hard candy, or thick peanut btter
snacks for children
every 2-3 hours
nutrient dense
fruit, fiber-rich unsweetned cereal, low-fat cheese
caloreis for 2-3yr
1000-1400
caloreis for 4-8 y girl
1200-1800
caloreis for 4-8 y boy
1400-2000
caloreis for 9-13 girl
1600-2200
caloreis for 9-13 y boy
1800-2600
at 6 months a gitl needs how many cal per pound of body weight
54
at age 10 how many cal does a girl need per pound of body weight
35
what are high nutrition vegetables
broccoli family
orange vegetables
leafy-green vegetables
high-nutrition fruits
citrust
berries
how much water should be consumed
1mL for every cal consumed
fiber adequate intake in grams for 1-3 yr
19
fiber adequate intake in grams for 4-8yr
25
fiber adequate intake in grams for 9-13 male
31
fiber adequate intake in grams for 14-18 male
38
fiber adequate intake in grams for 9-18 yr female
26
what does fiber naturally come from + what is needed
fiber is needed for bowel health and reguliarty as well as mainttenance of healthy cholesterol levels
from beans, whole grains, fruits, and veg
what percent of chdlre met the whole grain requirement in 2010
22
what percent of chdlre met the dark greens and starchy bean intake in 2010
20
how many oz of juice for 1-6 yo and older children
1-6 yo : 4-6oz
older: 8-12 oz
what is BMI
number calciulated from persons weight and height
what are children with one or both parents w heart diease before age 60 likely to have?
atherosclerosis
what is the acceptable cholesterol and LDL in youth
<170 mg/dL
LDL is <110 mg/dL
what percent of cal from fat should 1-3 yo get
30-40%
what percent of cal from fat should 3-18 yo get
25-35%
breakdown of fat intake if no more than 30% total cal from fat
sat fat - less than 7%
polyunsaturated fat - less than 8%
monosaturated fat - less than 15%
nutrients needed for bone health
viamin D, protein, phosphours, mangeusium, ptoassium, vitamin B12, zinc
genetics and physical activity
what is the most common nutritional disorder in the world
iron deficiency
what percent of US tolders are anemia
14
transition from iron-rich infant foods to table food and cows milk
what demographic has highest prevalence of anemia
low-income + racial and ethnic group (African Americans)w
what helps meet iron to pevent anemia
red meat
poultry and seafood
egg yolk
iron fortified breads
cereals
vegetables
fruits (spinach, other greens, peas, broccoli, dried beans, and dreid fruit (raisans, dates, apricots)
vitamin c-containing foods eaten along w irn rich food
what percent of children age 3-17 have an ADHD diagnosis
9.5%
5.9 million
ADHD med and appetite
adhd med (psychostimuate) decrease appetite esp at lunch meals
give dose after breakfast then serve large dinner in evening and give bedtime snack
if childs growth is affected may reduce dose, stop on weekends or summer breaks, or reevlauted
antipsychotic medication for mood stabilization and behavior issues and appetite
increased appetite
risk rapid weight gain and metabolic changes that lead to diabetes, hypertension, and other illness
ag weight gain of 1-1.5 lb a week
1 out of ____ children under age 18 are allergic to at least one fodo
13
what is the most common allergy and what percent of children does it affect
peanuts and 2%
what ppopulation has highest prevalence of allergies
preschoolers (ge 3-5 yrs)
what are the other top food triggers
tree nuts, egg, fish, strawbery, wheat, ad soy
____% of children experience severe reaction including wheezing and anaphlayisis to food allergies
40
what is childgood overweight and obesity a result of
imbalanace btwn energy taken in rom food and beverages and energy expended for normal growth and develometas well as physical activity
childhood obesity has more than __________ in children and ____________ in adolecents
doubled
quadrupled
apporxibaly ____% or ____ million of children and adolescents aged 2-19 are bobesy
17
12.7 millino
what ethnic groups are at higher risk of obesity
hispanic and black
prediabes in youth increase percentage: from __% to ___%
9% to 23%
what is prediabetes defined as
fasting blood sugar btwn 100 and 126 mg/dL
what is another name assocaited with pre-diabetes
metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance
other factors for pre-diabetes
high waist circumference, increasing bp, impaired liids such as high trigylcerides and low HDL
what is acanthosis nigricans
hyperpigmentation of skin characteristized by dark, thick, velvety skin in body folds and crease
associated w conditio that hincrease insulin level such as T2D or overweight as excess insulin may tirgger activity of skin cells
____ US youth younger than age 20 had type I diabetes in 2009 with ____ new cases expected to be diagnosed
16700
18000
How many new cases of T2D in youth expected to be diagnosed
5000
1 in __ born after 2000 will develop diabetes
3
what youth is at highest risk for T2D
amierican indian
what percentile is hypertension
95th
when does adolescence begin in boys and girls
boys: 13-16
girls: 10-13
how much is a growth spurt height increase
girls” 3 in a year
boys: 4 in a year
what is acne caused by
not specific foods but overactive sevaceous glands of skin
teenagers get ___% of their caloreis from carbonated and noncarbonated soft drinks and how much sugar is that for a 12-19 yo boy and avg girl
13
boy: 15 tsp
girl: 10 tsp
bots and girls consumed ___ as much soda pop as milk
twice
when is peak use of calcium for bone mineralization in girls and boys
girls: 12.5 y
boys: 14 y
in 3-4 y of adolescenes __% of total adult bone mass is accumulated
40
what percent of teens dont meet requirement for calcium
50
___ million females and __ million males have eds
10 million females
1 million males
four primary synmptoms of anorexia
failure to maintina body weight or aboe a minimially normal weight for age and height (85% of expected weight)
intense fear of weight gain or being fat (evn though underweight)
disturbance w body weight or shape
loss of menstural periods
what can anorexia cause
altered metabolism
hair loss
ow bp
weakness
amenorrhea brain damage
death
organ failure
treatment for anorexia
development of a strong and trusting relationship btwn client and healthcare professional
learn and accept weight gain and cange in bordy countours are normal duringadolescence
nutritional therapy
indv and family counseling
medical monitoring
dedication to outpatient setting follow ups, partial hospitalization, full hospitalization
time and patientce :/
what is bulimia
indv binges then purges through vomiting or using laxatives or duretics or overexcises to compensite
fear that they cant sto eating
high achievers who are perfectionists, obsessive, and depressed
lack strong sense of self
need to feel special
now its abn byt fear being overweight
binges on high cal foods until no more space for food (while alone)
then excessive dieting and stress usually increases frequency of binges
bulimia side effects
not life threatening
irritate esophagus and causes electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, dehydration, and dental caries
laxative abuse can cause distrubances in sodium, K, Magnesium, and phosphourous
disrupting elocytlyes and minerals can cause issues w colon and heart
laxative abuse = dependense on laxatives
treatment for bulimia
learn to live at peace w oneself and food
therapists, dr, social workers, diettians,
scheudled eating times
appetite awareness training and journaling
alternative coping skills
binge eating disorder
compulsive overeating
dont purge but may be precipaitated by fast or strict diet
feelings of guilt and shame
struggle w anxirty, depression, and loneliness
mod overweight, normal weight, obese
signs of BED
large amount of food missing from refrigerator or pantry
visible seeing child eat a lot of food quickly
pattern of eating inresponse to emotional stress, such as family conflict, peer rekjeciton,or poor academic
child feeling ashamed or disgusted by amount eaten
finding food containers or wraper hidden in a child room
increasingly irregular eating pattern, such as skipping meals, eating lots of junk foods, eating at unsual tmes
fenale athletic triad
disordered eating
amenorrhea
osteoporosis
lower level of estrogen from training intensive, not enough cal (resticitng fat) = menstrual irregularites, stress fractues, early osteoporosis
obese children rated their quality of life as low as _______________________
children receiveing chemo for cancer
data from mid-1990s show that ___ of young people eat fast food
1/3
indi vidual poriton sizes grew how much
2-3
fast food industry spend about $____ on advertising
4 billion
alchhol femernation
caused by enzume action
sugar and starrches can change into alchohgol
fuit, corn, rue, barley, rice or ptoatoes
7 cal per gram
alchohol side effects
lower inhibitation
accidents and crimes bc affected judgement
depressant (sleepiness, loss of consciousness, death)
affect absorption and normal metablism of glucose, fats, proteins, and vitamins
thiamine and niacin cant be absorbed
cells cant use glucose for energy
blood cells (depend on glucose for energy) are particular affected
kidney excrete excessive amt of water = increased loss oof minerals and less able to fight off disease
high bp and damage to heart muscle
cancer of trehat, esophaus, reproductive system
loer bith weight and fetal aclchohol syndrome or fetal alchohol effect in babies
_____% of teen drank some alc and __% binge drank
34.9%
20%
__% of high school teens use marijuana one or more times within a 30 day period
23
1 marijuana cig is as harmful as __ to __ tobacco cig
4 to 5
what happens when person smokes marijuana
lungs absorb fat-soluble active ingredient, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and store in fat
common names for marijuana
pot
grass
herb
weed
mary jane
reefer
dope
bud
ganja
what is cocaine
causes restlessness, heightened selfconfidence, euphoria, irritability, insomnia, depresison, confusion, hallucnation, loss of appetite, tendency to wtidhraw
cardiac irregularities, herat attacks, cardiac arrest
weight loss (decreased appetite)
smokeable form is crack (more addictive than any other drug)
half of crime against propreties in major cities are related to crack cocaine
how much icotine does most ecig cartridges have
20 mg
(10mg can be easily addictive)
tobacco
highly addicting
damage to brain development
24.6% of hs and 7.7% of middle school use tobacco product
includence appetite, nutrition status, weight
DRI for vitami nC increase by 35 mg and low intake of vitmain c a beta-carotene folate and fiber is common
increased risk of lung cancer and heart disease
what is metahmphetamine (crystal meth)
most potent form of amphetamines
cause heart, breathing, and bp to incerase
mouth dry, swalloing difficult, urination difficult
depressed appetite
pupils become dialted, reflex speeds up
feel fatigue or depression as drug wear off
streat name include crank, speed, crystal, meth, zup, and ince
excstatst (MDMA) is known as club drug and found in capsule or tablet
inhalents
chemicals that are inhaled and produce mind-altering effects
gasoline, lighter fluid, tool-cleaning solvents, model airplane glue, permanent ink in felt-tip pens
physiclly and psychology addictive
risk depression and apathy, nosebleeds, headaches, eye pain, chronic fatigue, heart failure, loss of muslce control and death
frugs affect food intake, body weight and taste preference s
energy drinks
boost energy (stimulates (caffeine) and sugar)
AAP say shouldnt be in diet of a child or adolescent
can interact w prescruptio med (esp ADHD med)
not a fluid replacement
80mg caffeeine per 8 oz serving so 200-240 mg of caffeine
mix your own powder range from 50-500mg
insomnia, nervousness, nausea, rapid heareat, seizures, cardiac irregulatrites, and cardiac arrest, bp increase (could cause body to lose small amt of calcium and mangesium)
nutrition for athletes
additional water, cal, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, sodium, potassium, iron, and protein
what is sweat rate determination
weigh before and after hour of exercise
for every pound of wt loss athlete need to drink abt 80-100% of that loss while exercising to stay in otpiatal fluid balance
what do sport beverages contian
carb and electroyle to maintain blood glucose concentration, provide fuel for muscles, decrease risk of dehydration and hyponatremia
what can help fuel athletes workouts
fruit
carb gel
energy bars
fat-free chocolate milk (greater concnetration of glycogen in muscle at 30 and 6t0 min post exercise)
diet during mod phyiscal acitivty rec
50-55% carb
30% fat
10-15% protein
potein rec for enfurance and strength trained athleted
1.2-1.7g/ kg of body weight
how to replace sodium and potasisum
sodium - salt
K - orange juice or bananas
when should pregame meal be eaten
3 horus before event
primarly carb and small amt of protein and fat
what is carb loading
endurance activies
increase muscle stores of glycogen - begin 6 days before event (eat 10% carb and mostly protein and fat for 3 days with intense exericse which depletes glycogen)
next three days 70% carb and v light exercises
side effects of carb-loading
wight gain (mostly extra water)
digestive discomfort (avoid higher fibers foods for one to 2 days before events to prevent gassy, cramps, bloasting, loose stools)
blood sugar changes
what does creatine do
used to build muscle and ehance recovery
shown to be effective for short bursts like sprinting and wightlighting but not for enduarnace
banned ergogenic aids
anabolic or androgenic sterods, ephedra, human growth hormone
steroids side effects
affect fat content of blood, amage lier, change reproducitve system, alter facial appearance
