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nutrition > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

why increase nutrients and caloreis during pregancy

A

fetus, amniotic fluid, placenta, increased blood volume, and breast, uterine, and fat tissue

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2
Q

wwhat is a low birth infant though to be

A

less than 5.5 lb

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3
Q

weight gain during pregnancy

A

7.5 lb for fetus
1 lb for palcenta
2 lb for aniotic fluid and uterus
1-3 lb for breasts
4 lb for increased blood volume
4+ lb for maternal fat

avg is 25-35 lbho

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4
Q

how much weight gain by trimester

A

2-4 lb in first trimester

1lb a week during second and third trimerster

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5
Q

folic acid and pregnancy

A

correlation btwn folic acid and babies w brain and spinal cord defects

400 mcg of flic acid daily

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6
Q

pregnant rdi

A

protein - 1.1
vitamin a - 750; 700
vitamin d - 15
vitamin e - 15
vitamin k - 75;90
vitamin c - 80;85
thiamine - 1.4
reboflavin - 1.4
niacin - 18
vitamin B6 - 1.9
folate - 600
vitamin B12 - 2.6
calcium - 1300;1000
phosphorus - 1250;700
magnesium - 360;310
fluoride - 3
iron - 27
zinc - 12; 11
iodine - 220
selenium -60

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7
Q

lactating rdi

A

protein - 1.3
vitamin a - 1200;1300
vitamin d - 15
vitamin e - 19
vitamin k - 75;90
vitamin c - 115;2120
thiamine - 1.4
reboflavin - 1.6
niacin - 17
vitamin B6 - 2
folate - 500
vitamin B12 - 2.8
calcium - 1300; 1000
phosphorus - 1250; 700
magnesium - 360;310
fluoride - 3
iron - 10
zinc - 13;12
iodine - 290
selenium - 70

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8
Q

protein requirement increase to __ during pregnancy

A

60 f

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9
Q

what has excess vitamin A (mo than 3000 RE) known to cause

A

hydrocephaly
microcephaly
mental retardation
ear and eye abnormaltiies
cleft lip and palate
heart defects

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10
Q

required amt of vitami nD

A

15 mcg or 600 IU

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11
Q

requireed amt of vitamin E

A

15 mg

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12
Q

AI of vitamin K

A

75-90 mcg

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13
Q

fetus increases its hemoglobin level to ___ per 100 mL of blood

A

2-022

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14
Q

how much do caloreis need to increase during pregnancy by trimster

A

first - not at all
second - 340 cal a day
third - 450 a day

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15
Q

what is one of the best ways to consume extra caloreis during pregnancy

A

drinking an additional two servings of milk per day

protein, calcium, phosphorus, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin

150 cal + sat fat and cholesterol for whole milk
90 cal for fat free

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16
Q

what is morning sickenss + how to releive

A

nausea during first trimester

relieve by eating dry crackers or dry toast before rising
eat small, frequent meals
avoid foods w offensives odors
avoid liquids at mealtimes

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17
Q

hyperemesis gravidarum

A

severe and lief theratening nausea

mother is hospitalized and given parenteral nutrition

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18
Q

how to relieve constipation and hemorrhoids

A

eating high-bfiber foods
daily exercise
drinking at least 8 glasses of liquid a day
respond immediately to urge to defecate

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19
Q

what is heart burn

A

relaxation of cardiac sphincter and smooth muscle bc of progesterone

as fetus grows it pushes on mothers stomach, causing stomach acid to move int lower esophaus and create burnig sensation

relevied thorugh small, frequent meals, avoid picy or geasy foods, avoid liquids w meals, wait at least an hour after eating before lying down, waiting at least 2 hours before exercising

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20
Q

excessive weight gain

A

reevaluate diet and eliminate candy, cookies, rich desserts, chips, salad dressings, sweetneed beverages

drink fat free milk

clean, crips, raw veg (broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, celery, cucumbers, zucchini sticks, or radishes dipped in a low-fat salad dressing or salsa)

fruit and custards w fat-free milk

broiling, baking, or boiling foods instead of frying

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21
Q

what is pergnacny-induced hypertension

A

aka toxemia or preeclampsia

high bpa, proteunuria (albumin in urine) and edema (sudden increase in weight)

can progress to eclamptic (convulsive) stage w convulsions, coma, and death of mom and baby

more in first time pregnacnies, multifetal pregnancies, morbid obese moterhs, inadequate (protein defieicnt mothers), and adolescents

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22
Q

what is pica

A

craving for nonfood substances like starch ,clay (soil) or rice

relieves nausea/ cultural heritage

ingesting soil has bacteria + could cause intensitnal block and prevent absopriton of minerals

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23
Q

what is anemia

A

insuffiency of RBC, hemoglobin or blood volume

dont recieve sufficient o2 from blood and consequenly feels waak and tire,d poor appetitie and pail

iron deficiency is most common

folate defieicny coudl = megalblastic anemia (too few RVC and large immature abc)

24
Q

fetal alchohol syndrome (FAS)

A

alc consumption is associated w subnormal physical and metnal devleopment of fetus

premature, low birth weight, small head, short eye slits (eyes appears to be set far apart), fat midface, thin upper lip, growth defiency (lowest tenth of age norms), CS dysfunction (hyperactivity, seizusres, attention deficits, and microcephaly)

25
Q

fetal alchohol effect

A

less deramatic or no physical defects but w behavior and psychosocial probelsm

not able to lead normal lives due to deficients in intelligence and behavioral and social abilities

when mom consumes alc it enters fetal bloodstream but they cant metabolize as easily so it stays longer

26
Q

caffeine and pregnancy

A

limit to 2 cups a day (less than 300 mgday)

27
Q

drugs derived from vitmain a can cause

A

fetal malformations and spotaneous abortion

28
Q

illegal drugs

A

infant born addicted and possibly w HIV (physician may prescribe AZT)t

29
Q

tobacco and pregnancy

A

more mother smokes, smaller the baby bc smoking reduces O2 and nutrients carried by blood

can cause SIDS, fetal death, spontenaoeus aboriton, complicaton at birth

30
Q

gestational diaetes

A

35-60% risk of developing T2D later in life

increases risk of physica or mental defects in infant, stillbirth, and macrosomia (birth wt over 9 lb) unless glucose levels are carefully monitored

31
Q

when should pregnant women get tested for dibateres

A

btw 24 and 28 weeks of gestation

32
Q

artiical sweetners and pregnancy

A

deemed safe

33
Q

healthy eating with gestational diabetes

A

distribute carb over smaller and more freuqnet amts (3 meals, 2-3 snacks)

2-3 hrs btwn meals
restrict carbs during breakfasts (no more than 45 g of carb and avoid simple carbs like fruits ro refined cereals)

34
Q

what are adolescent pregnant ppl vulnerable

A

pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)
premature
cardiovascualr and kidnet probelms later
leading cause of deaths among newborns

35
Q

lactation

A

to produce and secrete breast milk to nourish infant

caused by oxytocin (milk ejecton from breast, released by infant sucing mechanisms - let-down reflex) and prolacting (milk production)

if breast augmentation or reduction cant breast feed

takes 2-3 weeks to fully establish routines

human milk is formulated to meet nutrient needs for first 6 months

36
Q

what is a lactation specialist

A

expert on breastfeeding and helps new mothers who may hae problems such as baby not latching on

best first food is breast milk

37
Q

what are the benefits of breastfeeding

A
  • right mix of carb, protein, fat, vitmains, and mienrals for brain development, growth, and digestion
  • lowers baby risk of asthma or allergies (100 ingredients not found in formula)
  • lower incidence of ear infections, diarrhea, viruses, and hopsital admissions bc receive immunities from mother
  • good jaw development + straight, healthy teeth
  • skin to skin = bonding (kangaroo care)
  • mom lose pounds during prengancy and uterus go back to original size

can use breast pump

38
Q

breast milk storage

A

6-8 hours at room temp
5 days in refrigerator
3-6 mo in refrigerator freezer
6-12 mo in deep freezer

don’t reheat breast milk in microwave or on stove as it will kill immune-enchancing ability

39
Q

calories required to produce 100 mL of milk + amt of cal required per day

A

85 cal

640 cal per day for 750 mL (then 510 cal 6 mo later when baby eats food)titue

40
Q

institue of medicine suggest cal increase

A

500 a day for first 6 months
400 a day for 7-9 mo

1 oz of human milk contians 20 cal

41
Q

how many grams of protein secreted in milk a day

A

10g

42
Q

nutrients during lactation

A

vitmain C
extra fat-free milk
cal
iron
zinc
copper
calcium
vitmain d
vitmain b12

fluids (water and fruit juice)

43
Q

what percent of total energy to support basal metabolism does the brain and livertake?

A

40%

44
Q

avg cal per hr used when sleeping

A

60

45
Q

avg cal used per hour during sedentary activities

A

80-100

46
Q

avg cal used per hour during moderate activities

A

170-240

47
Q

avg cal used per hour during strenous acitivites

A

250-350

48
Q

avg cal used per hour during vigorous

A

350+

49
Q

range of heatlhy body fat precentages for females

A

25-31%

50
Q

range of heatlhy body fat precentages for males

A

18-24%

51
Q

max healthy weight circumfernce for men

A

40 inch

52
Q
A
53
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A
54
Q
A
55
Q
A
56
Q
A

nutrition (21 decks)

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