Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

nutrition > chapter 17 > Flashcards

chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

kidney function

A

excrete wastes
maintain volume and composition of body fluids
secrete certain hormones
fliter blood, cleanse it of waste products and recycyle other usable substances so necessary constituents of body fluids are consantly avaolaible

as filturate passes through nephrons it is concentated or dilutedto meet bodys nreeds (maintain compsition, bolume of body fluids, fluid balance, acid-base balance, and elecoytlye balance)

recycled materials like amino acids, glucose, minerals, vitamins, and water get reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

kidney cell parts

A

nephrons
nephron containsts glomerulus (filutring unit) which cintains specializaed capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

___L of ultrafiltrate is processed each date

A

180

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how much urine is excreted daily

A

1.5L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what dowaste materials in urine containe

A

end products of protein metabolisms (urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, and sulfates), excess water and nutrients, dead renal cells, and toxic substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is oliguria

A

when urine outpit is less than 500 ml/day

kidney are unable yo adeuately eliminate nitrogenous wate (end products of protein) can cause reanl failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

kidneys and vitamin synthesis

A

kidneys make final conversion of vitamin D, promoting absoprtion of calcium and metabolis of calcium and phosoprohoursou

kidneys indirectly stimualte bnoe marrow to reproduce RVC by proeucing erhytropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

etiology of renal failure

A
  • infection
    degeneratiove changes
    diabetes mellitus
    high bp
    cysts
    renal stones
    truama (surgery, burns, poisons)

severe = renal failure

acute renal failure (ARF) occurs suddently and may last few days or few weeks, can be caused by another medical problem like serious burn, a crushing injury, or cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

chronic kidney disease

A

slowly develops
causes number of functioning nephrons to diminish
renal tissue destoryed to point at which kidneys are no longer able to filtuer blood, excreete waste or ercycle nutrients as needed causing uremiaw

need dialysis or kidney transolant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is uremia

A

protein wastes that should normally be excreted are instead cicumlating in blood
symptoms icnlude nausea, heache, convulsions, and coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

nephritis

A

inflammatory diseases of kidneys

caused by infection, degernative processes, or vascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation affecting capillaries in glomeruli

may occur acutely in conjunctio nw another infection and be self limiting or may lead to serious renal deterioriate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

stages of chronic idney disease `

A

1) kidney damage normal to icnrease function (90-130 GFR)
2) mild decrease in function (60-89 GFR)
3) Moderate decrease in function (30-59 GFR)
4) evere decrease in fucntion (15-29)
5) Kidney failure, defined as end-stage renal disease, dialusis usually iniatied (<15 GFR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

nephrosclerosis

A

hardening of renal arteria

caused by arteriosclerosis and hypertension

usually occurs in older ppl but sometimes in young diabetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

polycstic kidney disease

A

relatively rare, hereditary diease
cysts form and press on kidneys
kidneys enlarge and lose function

most people have normal kidney functions for many yuears, renal failure may develop near 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

condition in which stones develop in kidneys

size of stones vary from grain of sand to much larger

sometimes asymptomatic bu could cause hematuria, infection obstru tion, and intense pain

17
Q

what are kidney stones made from/ classiftion

A

based on compsition

calcium oxalate
uric acid
cystine
calcium phosphate
magnesium ammonium phospate (struvite)

18
Q

dietary treatments of renal disease

A
  • reuce amt of excretory work on kidneys
  • sufficient protein (too mcuh could = uremia)
  • restircted protein, sodium potassium phosphorous
  • sufficient caloreis (primarily carb and fat, unsat fat)
  • if energy required not met body tissue will be metabolised for energy
  • 40g protein for predialysis
  • 3 oz meat, fish or poultry and milk is not allowed or limited to 1/2 cup, grains are limited to 7 seervings, fruit is 5 servies, vegetables is 2 servings

calcium supplements, vitamin D, phosphorous to prevent ostemalacia

hyperkalamia in end stage renal disease (can cause cardiac arrest

increased need for vitamin B, C, and D

no vitamin A bc blood level of vitamin a elevated in uremia

vitmain k supplement if on antibiotics

iron bc anemia

19
Q

hemodialysis

A

permanent accessto bloodstream through fistula (unusualy openings btwn 2 organs, near writst, and connect artery and vein)

3x a week for 3-5 hours each visit

20
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

peritoneal cavity as a semipermealbe mebrane

less efficient than hemodialyiss

treatment usually last about 10-12 hours a day 3x a week

cintunious anbulatory peritoneal dilausis (4/5 daily so 24 hour treatment)

21
Q

diet on dialysis

A

additoinal protein

hemodialysis - 1.2 g protein per kg body weight

peritoneal dialysis - 1.2-1.3g protein per kg

CAPD - 1.2 g per kg

50% from high biological value (HB) prptein, which is found in eggs, meat, fish, poultry, milk and cheese

2000-4000kmg potassium if in renal failure

endstage renal failure is 1500-2500mg per day

renal diet: 80g protein - 3g sodium - 3g potassium

22
Q

low potasisum foods (<150 mg/servings0

A

applesauce
berries
cranbbery sauce
grape syice
grapes
lemon or lime
mandarin oranges, canned
peaches, canned
pears, canned
plums, canned
rhubarb
bamboo shoots
bean sprouts
beans, green, wax, snap
broccoli
cabbage
cauliflower
corn, canned or small ear
cucumber
eggplant, cooked
hominy grits, cooked
leek
lettuce: cos, romaine, iceberg, leaf, endive, watercress
murshrooms
onion
peppers
radishes
rutabaga
summer squash turnips
water chestnuts

23
Q

medium potassium

A

apple juice
apple raw
apricotrs, raw, canned
cherries, raw or cnned
grapefruit juice
grapefruit sections
mango
peach, raw, 1 medium
pear, raw, 1 medium
pineapple juice, raw or canned
pineapple spears
plums, raw, 2 medium
tangerine
asparagus
beets
brussel sprouts
carrots, cooking
celery
greens: collard, mustard, lake, dandelion, beet, turnips
mixed vegetables
okra
peas, green
pepper
summer squash: yellow crookneck, white scallop, zucchini

24
Q

high potasisum food

A

avocado (1/2)
banans (1/2) dried frut
kiwi
melon
nectarine
orange
orange juice
papaya
prune juice
raisins
tangelo
artichoke
beet greens
dried beans and peas
potato
pumpkin spinach
sweet poatoes or yams
tomato (raw or cnaned)
unslated tomato juice
winter squash: acorn, butternut, hubbard sphagetti

25
Q

sodium in ESR

A

3g sodium
equivalent of no-added-salt diet

26
Q

luid contact in ESRD

A

fluid content of foods, other than liquids, is not counted in fluid restriction

27
Q

diet after kidney tansplants

A

need for extra protein or restirction of protein

carb and soium may be resticted

approparte amts of these nutreints depend largely on med

additional calcium and phosphorous ay be necessary if there was substantial bone loss before transplant

28
Q

dietary reatment of renal stones

A

large amoutns of fluids and wll-balanced diets

29
Q

calcium oxalate stones

A

80% of renal sontes contian clacium oxalate

dietary intake of excessive animal protesin has been shown to be a risk factor for stone formation in some clients

stones containig oxalate are thought to be partially caused by diet esp rich in oxalate (found in beets, wheat bran, chocolat, tea, rhubarb, strawberries, spinach)

deficiency of pyridoxine, thiamine, magnesuim

30
Q

uric acid stones

A

purine richfoods are restircted

purines are the end product of nuceloprotein metaboilsm and found in meats, fush and poultry

organ meats, anchovies, sardines, meat extracts, excessive alc and broths are esp rich sources of pruines

uric acid stones are usually associated w gout, GI diseases th acuase diarrhea and malignant sisease

medicaition will prevent gout and other complications y decreasing formation of uric acid

31
Q

cystine stones

A

may form hen cystine concentration in urine becomes excessive bc heridarty metabolic disorder

usualy practice is increase fluids and alkaline-ash diet

32
Q

struvite stones

A

magnesium ammonium phosphate

infection stones bc develop following urianry tract infeciton cased by certain microoragnism

low phosphorous diet is often rescribed

33
Q
A

nutrition (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions