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nutrition > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

how long can a person live without food

A

30-45 days

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2
Q

how long can a person live without water

A

3-5 cays

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3
Q

what percent of nomrla adult body weight is constitents of water

A

50-60%

50-75%

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4
Q

why is percent of water higher in males

A

bc they have more muscle tissues and water content of muscle tissue is higher than fat

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5
Q

percent of water content in newborms

A

75%

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6
Q

what is the two compartments of body water

A

intracellular fluid (ICF) - 65% of total body fluit
extracellular fluid - water outside the cells and accounts for about 35% of total body fluid (intravascular - 9%and interstitial fluids - 26%)

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7
Q

water in blood plasma

A

solvent for nutrient and waste products and help transport both to and from body cells through blood

necessary for hydroloysis of nutrients in cells making it ssential for metabolism

lubricant in joints and in digestion

cools body through perspiration and provide osme mineral elements

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8
Q

how much does 1 liter equal

A

33.8 oz
4.2 cupss

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9
Q

sources of water

A

drinking water

beverages

foods (fruits, veg, soiups, milk, gelatin desserts)

energy metabolism

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10
Q

AI for water 0-6 mo

A

0.7 L

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11
Q

AI for water 6-12 mo

A

0.8 L

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12
Q

AI for water 1-3 y

A

1.3

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13
Q

AI for water 4-8 L

A

1.7

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14
Q

AI for water 9-13 y male

A

2.4

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15
Q

AI for water 14-18 y Mae

A

3.3

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16
Q

AI for water 19-70+ male

A

3.7 L

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17
Q

AI for water 9-13 y female

A

2.1

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18
Q

AI for water 14-18 female

A

2.3

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19
Q

AI for water 19-70+

A

2.7

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20
Q

AI for water pregnancy

A

3

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21
Q

AI for water lactatio n

A

3.8

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22
Q

what is fluid and electrolyte balance

A

water lost by healthy individuals through urination, feces, persporations, and the resporatory track must be replced

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23
Q

what are electroylets measured in

A

milliequivalents/ liter

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24
Q

what is senisible (noticeable) water loss

A

lost thorugh urination

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25
Q

what is insensible (unnoticed) water loss

A

feces, perspiration, and respiration

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26
Q

how much urine must the body excrete daily to get reid of waste prducts of metabolism

A

500 mL

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27
Q

facotrs that lead to fluid imbalances

A

exposure to sun or high temp

fasting fad diet exercises wo adequate fluid replacement

fatigue, depression, laxatives, enemas, alcohol, caffeine

fever ,wound drainage, vomiting, diarrhea, heavy menstrual flow, buns, difficulty swallowing due to oral pain, fatigue, neuromuscular weakness, xcessive urinary output due to unctorled diabetes mellitus, inspidus

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28
Q

fluid excess

A

excessive sodium or water intake, venous compressio ndue to pregnancy

low protein due to anorexia

fluid retention due to renal failure, cardiac conditions, CHF, valvular disease, left ventricular failure, cirrhosis, cancer, imparied vewnous return

29
Q

osmosis

A

water flow from side w less solute to side

sidium, chlroide, potassium are solutes that maintain balance btw intraceuluar and extracelluluar fluids

30
Q

what hapens when electroes in extracellular fluids are increaseed

A
  • ICF moves out of cell to equalize concentration
  • cells of hypothalamaus, mouth and tongue become dehyrdartion = thyrist
  • ADH secreted when elctroyltes become too concentrated or when blood vlolume or bp is too low (vascular osmotic pressure)
31
Q

what is cellular edema

A

water flows from ECF into cells when sodium in ECF is reduced

causes adrenal glandes eto secrete aldosterone (inc sodium absorption)

32
Q

avg adult water requirement

A

1mL per cal consumed

33
Q

signs of dehydration

A

low bp
thirst
dry skin
fever
mental disorientation

history = inadequate intake of fluids
decrease in urine outpit
wt loss (3-5% for mild, 6-9% for mod, 10-15% for severe)
sunken eyes
tonngue has increased furrows and fissures
oral mocous membranes r dry
decreased skin turgor
changes in neurological status (mod to severe)

34
Q

a loss of 10% of body water can cause _______

A

reduction in blood volume and nutrient absoprtion

kidney function is upset

35
Q

a loss of 20% of body water can cause _______

A

circulatory failrue and death

36
Q

stages of heat illness

A

1) heat fatigue - thirst, feeligns of weakness or fatiuge (combat w cool place, rest, and drink fluids)
2) heat cramp (loss of sodium and potassium ,causes leg cramps, and thirst)
3) heat exhaustion (thirst, dizziness, nauea, headache, profuse sweating - spong baths w cool water, 2-3 day rest, ingestion of lots of water)
4) Heat strkoe (fevere, brain and kidney damage, 911, chilled water and transported to hospital, can diet from heat stroke)

37
Q

What is acid-base balance

A

regulation of hydrogen ions in body fluids (pH balance)

in water solution acid gives off hydrogen ions and base picks them up

HCL - acid
Ammonia - basea

38
Q

blood plasma pH

A

7.35-7.45int

39
Q

intracellular fluid pH

A

6.8

40
Q

kidney role in maintaining pH

A

selecting which ions to retain and which to exrete

what person eats affect aidity of urine not body

41
Q

what is buffer systems

A

regulate hydrogen ion content in body fluids

system is mixture of weak acid and strong base

protect nature of solution

20:1 ratio for base to acid

42
Q

what is body’s main buffer system

A

carbonic acid + sodium bicarbonate

adjusted by lugns and kidenys to suit needs

end products of metabolism are carbon dixodiade and water and they form carbonic acid

if CO2 is more concentated then medula oblongata auses breathign rate to increase

43
Q

pH of avg urine

A

6

44
Q

what can cause acidosis

A

renal failure, unctornollable diabetes mellitus, starvation, severe diarrhea

45
Q

what cause cause alkaosis

A

body suffer loss of HCL from severe vomitting, ingesting too much alkali or too many antacid

46
Q

what percent of fat mass is water

A

20-35%

47
Q

what percent of muscle tissue is water

A

75%

48
Q

how many liters of water do women and men need

A

women - 2.3 L (2.45 quarts)
men - 3.3 L (3.5 quarts)

49
Q

who has increased water needs

A

infants
elderly
pregnant individuals
high protein diet

50
Q

Metabolism meets roughly____ percent of your
water needs.

A

12

51
Q

On average, you lose about ___- quarts of fluid each day

A

2-3

52
Q

A healthy urine output is _____ quarts per day or more

A

one to two

53
Q

If you
produce less than ____ cups of urine per day, the urine will be concentrated with waste products.

A

2.5

54
Q

Vigorous physical activity can cause the loss of a ____ of water in an hour.

Long-distance runners, such as marathon runners, can lose up to ____ pounds of water weight during a 26-mile race.

A

quart

13 pounds during a 26 mile race

55
Q

what illnesses can contribute to fluid loss

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, high fever, tissue damage

56
Q

When you lose ____ percent of body weight in fluids, you will become aware of the sensation of thirst.

A

two

57
Q

Athletic per-formance levels decline after a ___ percent loss in water weight.

A

3

58
Q

how does dehydration affect athletes

A

When water is lost from working muscles, blood volume decreases. The heart must pump harder to supply the same amount of energy. Mental concentration is affected as fluid losses increase. Some clear signs of dehydration are fatigue and lack of energy. Other symptoms may include dizziness, headache, muscle cramping, and reduced muscle endurance.

59
Q

___ to ___% drop in body weight due ot water loss can lead to serious organ complications

A

10 to 11

60
Q

water intoxication.

A

drink too much water with too little electrolytets

can occur in athletes who sweat too much; dehydration + loss of sodium; water must replenish loss sodium as well; if not then waer intxoication

61
Q

water intoxication symptoms

A

heachade
muscle weakness
death if electrolyte imbalance is too low

62
Q

greatest danger of water intoxication

A

for infants given plain water after diarrhea or vomiting

when diarrhea or vomitting occur, the electroyltes are lost and must also be replaced alongside water

infants are at greatest risk as they can lose bodily fluid easier than other age groups

63
Q

why may people drink bottled water

A
  • extra minerals (disproven by research)
  • taste
  • contaminants in water
  • conveniance
64
Q

what to check for when checking water purity on water bottles

A

IBWA approval

65
Q

what do most people get (almost ) exclusively from tap water

A

flurodie

therefore those who drink primarily bottled water are at higher risk for fluoride related tooth decay

66
Q

what do enhanced water contain

A

added ingredients such as artificial flavors, sugar, sweeteners, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, caffeine, and other “enhancers.”

67
Q

what is a sports drink

A

beverage with added elec-trolytes and sweeteners intended to improve and sustain energy

may be higher in added sugars an caloreis

Most often, drink-ing water and simply eating foods that contain salt, such as pretzels or tomato juice, may be sufficient

68
Q
A

nutrition (21 decks)

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