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nutrition > chapter 11 > Flashcards

chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

infants react to parents emotions feeding

A

if food forced on child, withheld until uncomfortable, or presented in tense manner child reacts w tension and unhappiness

if parent relaxed an infant mealtime can be pleasurable for both parent and child

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2
Q

feeding on demand

A

prevent hungers frustration can bring and help bay realize their needs are being met

newborn have more frequent feeings but normal is approx every 4 fours when baby 2-3 mo old

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3
Q

baby body weight in first month

A

6 months - body weight double
year - triple

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4
Q

how many cal per kg during firsy year

A

98-108 cal per kg (2-3x adult requirement)

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5
Q

protein for infants

A

6 months - 2.2g per kg

6-12 months - 1.6g per kg

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6
Q

water for infant

A

1.5mL of water per cal

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7
Q

what supplement should nebworbsm be given

A

vitamin K

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8
Q

what can excess vitamin A cause

A

damage to liver and bone abnormlaities

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9
Q

what can excess vitamin D cause

A

damange to cv system and kidneys

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10
Q

benefits of breast milk

A

temporary immunity
economial
nutritionally perfect
sanitary
sterile
easy to digest
doesnt cause gi disturances or allergic reactions
reduced load on kidneys (breast milk contains less protein and minerals than infant formula)

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11
Q

how long shouold infants nurse

A

at each breast for approx 5-10 min each session

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12
Q

when do growth spurts occur for infants

A

10 days, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months

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13
Q

how o know if infant is etting suffucient nutrients and caloreis

A

6 or more wet diapers daily
normal growht
one or two mustard colored bowel movements a day
breast beocmes less full during nrusing

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14
Q

benefits of breasfeeding for mothers

A

uterus retur to nomral size
controls postpartum bleeding
helps mother more quickly return to prepregnancy weight
decreased risk of breast cancner and osteoporosis

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15
Q

breastfeeding percents in 2011

A

newborn - 79%
6 months - 49%
12 months - 27%

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16
Q

healthy people 2020 goals for breastfeeding rates

A

newborn - 81.9%
6 months - 60m6%
1 year - 34.1%

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17
Q

how to hold baby during feeding

A

semi upright (less inclined to develop middle ear infection bc prevent fluid pool at back of throat and entering tubes from iddle ear)

burp babies during feeding to release gas and prevent regurgitation

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18
Q

what is synthetic milk made from and who are they for

A

for infants extremely sensitive or allegic o infant formulas

made from soybeans

hypoallergenic formulas w predigested proteins are used for infants unable to tolerate all other tpyes of formulas

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19
Q

how long does ready to feed/ mixed formula stay good

A

remain in bottle for an hour
fresh formula is good for 24 hours
ready-to-feed or from concentate is good for 48 hours

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20
Q

why is it imortant to measure water when preparing formula

A

too little and there is too much protein and mineal for kidneys

too much water will dilute nutrient and calorie vlaue so infant will not thrive + brain edema or seizures

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21
Q

why shouldnt children under 1 be given regular cows milk

A

protein is more difficult and slower to digest = gi blood loss

kidneys are challenged by its high protein and mineral content and dehydration and even damange to cns

fati s less bioavailable meaning its not absorbed as effcienly as in human milk

22
Q

what temp should formula be

A

cold, room temp, or warmed (lukewarm)

consistent temp

warm formula for feeding by placing bottlie in saucepan of warm water or a bottle warmer, shaking the bottle occassionally

23
Q

why shouldnt infants be put to bed w a bottle

A

saliva dimisniehs as infant falls asleep meaning milk bathes upper front teeth = tooth decay

baby bottle mouth or nursing bottle syndrome - upper jaw to protrude and lower to recede

feed infant bedtime bottle, cleanse teeth and gums, then put to slee

24
Q

how long should infant diet be limited to breast milk or formula

A

unitl 4-6 mo and then as primary food source until 1 yo

6 months if appropriate supplements of iron and vitmain d and possble vitamin c and fluoride

25
Q

why no early intro of solid food

A

gi tract and kidneys arent developed to handle solid food

early introduction of sold foods many icnrease likelihood of overfeeding and development of food allegies

26
Q

how to know when god is reeady for solid food

A

physical ability to pull food into mouth rather than push tongue and food out of mouth (extrusion reflex)

willingnessto particpate in rocess
ability to sit up w support
head nac neck control
need for additioanl nutrients (over 32 oz of formula or nurse 8-10 x in 24 hours an is at least 4 months)

27
Q

how to introduce solid food

A

1 food is introduced every 4-5 days

no allergi reaction = next food

start w single grain cereal (iron-fortified oat, wheat, barley, or rice cereals, then introduction of mixed cereals)

cooked and purred veg, then cooked and pureed fruits, egg yok, finely ground meat

2-4 tbsp of each variety of food per mezl

btwn 6-12 mo toast, zwieback, teething biscuits, cherios in small amounts

NO HONEY bc botulism

after 6 months sip of water and less tan 4 oz 100% juice

28
Q

signs of hunger

A

fussy
cry
types of crying
sucing on her hands
moving head toward spoon
reaching food
sounds or words indiciating hunger
cooking during feedings

29
Q

sign of fullness

A

play w nipple on bottle or breast
look around and no long open their mouth to solid food
push food away or clenching mouth
playing w food and shaking head to signal no

30
Q

foods to avoid bc choking hazard

A

hot dogs, nuts, whole peas, grapes, popcorn, smal lcandies, small pieces of tough meat, raw veg

31
Q

what is weaning

A

first given food from a spoon then progresses as child shows interest in and abiltiy to drink from a cup

child will ulitamtely discard bottle or refuse breast

32
Q

what charter to use for growth standard charts

A

WHO for younger than 2

CDC for 2-20

33
Q

premature infants

A

before 37 weeks
sucking reflex not develpoed until 34 weeks so infants born earlier need parenteral nutrtion, tube feeds, or bolus feeding

mothers breast milk for preemie bb has more protein, sodium , immunologic properites

34
Q

conersn with preemies

A

low birth wt, underdeveloped lungs, immature GI tact, inadequate bone mineralization, lack of fat reserves

35
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

inherited idesase
body produces abn thick sticky secretions within cels lining organs uch as lungs and pancrease
obstructs pancrease, preventing enzymes from reachign intestines to helpbreak down and digest food

36
Q

what percent of chidlren with CF have exocrine pancreatic insuffiency

A

85

37
Q

what is the recomended total caloric itnake of fat percentage?

A

35-40%

38
Q

infant w CF

A

digstive enzyme takein in capsule form during meals

supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins during meal times

water-miscible form of fat-soluble vitamins if normal levels cant be maintained w use of only fat-soluble vitamins

malnourishment is common

one oslution is nightime tube feedings

39
Q

infants with failure to thrive

A

determiend by plotting growth on standardized growth chart w considerations for genetic and ethnic variations

40
Q

what are the parameters affected when an infant fails to thrive

A

weight for hieght

heigh and head circumernece
slow development
lack f physica lskills like rolling over, sitting, stnading and walking

mental and social skilsl are also delayed

babies grow most in first 6 nonths and this is when their brain udnergoes crucical development so could affect their livesc

41
Q

causes for failure to thirve

A

watered-down formula
congential abnormalities
AIDS
lack of bonding
child abuse
neglect

42
Q

what is cleft lip and palate

A

baby lip or roof of palate doesnt develop properly

maeks it difficult to feed or speak

surgery to fix before 12 months

43
Q

cleft lip and feeding

A

cant cerate suction to pull milk from bottle or breast

imperative to find correct feeding modality for cleft lip so nutrirtion eeds are met

use special cleft nursrers or a Pigeon or Haberman special needs bottle

44
Q

what are inborn errors of metabolism

A

inabiltiy to metabolize specific nutrients due to mutations in the genes

face common danger of damage to CNS bc abnormal body chemistry = mental retardation and retarded growth

early diagnoss + diet therapy increases chance of preventign retardation

can be discovered thorugh amniocentesis

45
Q

what is galactosemia

A

affect 1 in 30000 live births and caused by lack of liver enzyme transferase (convert galactose to glucose)

lacks transferase = excessive amt of galactose when ignesting anything containing galactose = toxic levels = diarrhea, vomiting, edema, and abn liver fucntion, cataracts, galactosuria, mental retardation

46
Q

diet therapy for galactosemia

A

exclusion of anythign contianing milk

during infancy parent feed bb lactose-free comemerically prepared formula and as they get old must avoid food, beverage, or med containing lactose
take calcium, vitmain D, ribofavlin supplements

if liberal diet then baked or process food sw small amoutns f milk

47
Q

what is phenylketonuria

A

lack liver enymzes phenyl aline hydroxylase which is necessary to metabolize phenylalanine

infants become hyperactive, suffer seizures b tw 6-18 mo, mentally retarded

public law requires new bon testing for phenylketouria

1 in 10,000-15000 births

48
Q

diet for PKU babies

A

Lofenalac infant formula (95% phenylalanine removd so only enoug for basic needs)

monitor diets for cal and nutrient content + adjut as needs change bc most foods contain protein and phenylalaninew

49
Q

what are synthetic milk for older kids

A

Phenyl-free and PKU-1,2, or 3

used as beverages, in puddings, and baked goods

special formula,p low=rpotein food

lieflong adherence to diet si low

monitor to avoid metnal retardation and to control hyperactivity and aggressive haviro

50
Q

what is maple syrup urine diseas

A

congential defect resulting in inabiltiy to metablize three amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, valine
odor of uring

1 in 100,000-300,000

when infant ingest food protein, increased blood levels of these amino acds = ketosis

hypoglycemia, apathy, and convulsions occur very early

child can die from acidosis and could develop mental retardation

51
Q

diet therapy for maple syrup urine dsease

A

sufficient cal and nutrent w extremely restirced amt of leucine, isoleucine, and valine

special formula and low-protein food
dietar therapy thorughout life

52
Q
A

nutrition (21 decks)

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