Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

nutrition > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what are vitamins

A

organic compounds essential in small amts for body functioning
doesn’t provide energy but enables body to use energy from carbs fats and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what was created to replace recommended dietary allownaes (RDAs) and when

A

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) in 1997

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

who are inclined to vitamin deficiences

A

do not eat balanced didet
alchoholics
ppor and incapacitated elerdy
clients w serious diseases that affect appetite
ID
young children receiving inadequate care
deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins ofcur in clients w chorinc malabsorption (CF, celiac, crohns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

avitaminosis

A

without vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hypervitaminosis

A

excess of one or more vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how can vitamin loss be avoided

A

buying freshet unbruised veg and fruit locally and using within day time
prep fresh veg and fruit j before serving
heating canned veg quickly and in own liquid
follow package directions when using frozen veg or fruit
using as little water as possible when cooking and having it boil before adding veg, or preferably steaming them
cover the pain, cook veg util bright in color and crisp and tender
- save cooking liquid for soups steews and gravies
- store fresh veg and fruits in cool dark place
- microwave fruits and veg in 1-2 tbsp of water
- cook corb on cob in microwave by wrapping in paper towel
- roasting veg to retain nutrients rather than boiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how are vitamins classified

A

solubility

fat solubiton - vitamin a, d,e, and k (4 total)
water insoluble - vitamin b complex and c (9 total)

vitamin d is sometimes classified as hormone
b-complex as catalysts or coenzymes

when vitmain has diff chem form but same purpose its sometimes called vitamer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a precursor or provitamin

A

substance from which body can synthesize specifci vitamin

carotenoids r example of precurose of vitamin a and r referred to as provitamin a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are sources of vitamin a (retinol)

A

Liver, fish oils, egg yolks, and whole-fat dairy products

whole milk, butter, cream, cod liver oil

dark-green leafy veg, deep yellow or orange fruit, fortified margarine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

functiosn of vitamin a

A

necessary for the formation of healthy epithelial tissue

mainteance of vision in dim light, maintance mucous membranes and healthy skin
, growth anddevelopment of bones,
reporducution,
healthy immune syste, antioxidants

keep eyes moist and free of infection, hel lining of lungs and intestines remain moist and disease free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

deficiency of vitamin a

A

night blindness
xerophthalmia
respirairy infections
bone growth ceases

dry and scaly skin, fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

toxicity of vitamin a

A

birth defects
bone pain
anorexiant
enlargement of liver

severe headaches, bone pain, dry skin, hair loss, vomiting, and liver damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sources of vitamin d (calciferol)

A

salmon and tuna, foritifed milk and yogurt, foritifed margarine, fortified orange juice, sunlight

lake trout, eggs, butter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

functions of vitamin d (calciferol)

A

regulation of absortions of caclium and phosphorus
buildign and maintenance of normal bones and teeth
prevent of tetany
immune and muscular function
reduction of inflammation

regulates cell cycle and cell differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

deficiency of vitamin d (calciferol)

A

rickets
ostteomalacia
osteoporosis
poorly de eloped teeth and bone
muscle spasms
rickets (n chidlren)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

toxicity of vitamin d (calciferol)

A

kidney stones
cacificiation of soft tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sources of vitamin e (tocopherol)

A

leaft green veg
margarine
salad dressing
wheat germ
veg oil
nuts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

functions of vitamin e (tocopherol)

A

antioxidant
considered essential for protiection of cell strucutre, esp of rbc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

deficiency of vitamin e (tocopherol)

A

destruction of rbc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

toxicity of vitamin e (tocopherol)

A

bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sources of vitamin k

A

liver, milk
leafy, green veg, cabbage, boccoli, brussel sportous

green leafy vegetables, cabbage, and broccoli. Prunes, blueberries, blackberries, eggs, grain products, and nuts also supply small amounts of this vitamin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

functions of of vitamin k

A

blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

deficiency of vitamin k

A

prolonged blood clotting or hemorrhaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

toxicity of vitamin k

A

hemolytic anemia
interferes w anticlotting med

jaundice + brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

sources of thiamine (B1)

A

lean pork, beef, liver, eggs, fish, whole and enriched grains, legumes, brewers yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

functions of thiamine (B1)

A

metabolism of carb and some amino acids
maintain normal appetite and functioning of nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

deficiency of thiamine (B1)

A

gi, nerv, and cv system problems
beriberi

weakness
loss of appetite
irritability
Poor arm and leg coordination
nervous tingling throughout the body
edema and heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

toxicity of thiamine (B1)

A

none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

sources of riboflavin (B2)

A

liver, kidney, heart, milk, cheese
leafy green veg, cereals, enriched bread

Milk and milk products, Enriched and whole-grain cereals, meats, poultry, and fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

functions of riboflavin (B2)

A

aids release of energy from food
health of mouth tissue
healthy eys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

deficiency of riboflavin (B2)

A

cheilosis
eye sensitivity
dermatitis
glossitis
photophobia

inflamed tongue and cracked skin around the corners of the mouth. Various eye disorders and mental confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

toxicity of of riboflavin (B2)

A

none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

sources of niacin (nicotinic acid)

A

milk, eggs, fish, poultry
enriched breads and cereals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

functions of niacin (nicotinic acid)

A

energy metabolism
healthy skin and nervous and digestive sstems

normal digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

deficiency of niacin (nicotinic acid)

A

pellagra (dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea)

early symptoms include poor appetite ,wt loss, weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

toxicity of niacin (nicotinic acid)

A

vasodilation of blood vessels - can cause niacin flush

nausea, dizziness, low bp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

sources of pyridoxine (B6)

A

pork, fish, poultry, liver/ kidney, milk, eggs
whole-rain cereals, legumesfun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

functions of pyridoxine (B6)

A

conversion of tryptophan to niacin
release of glucose from glycogen
protein metanlism and sythesis of nonessential amino acids

thought to play a role in more than 100 enzyme reactions

6 helps make the protein that allows red blood cells to carry oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

deficiency of of pyridoxine (B6)

A

cheilosis
glossitis
dermatitis
confusion
depression
irritanility

skin disorders, fatigue, irritability, and convulsions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

toxicity of pyridoxine (B6)

A

depression
nerve dammage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

sources of cobalamin (B12)

A

seafood, poultry, liver/ kidney, muscle meats, eggs, milk, cheese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

functions of cobalamin (B12)

A

synthesis of rbc
maintenance of myelin sheaths
treatment of pernicious anemia
folate metabolism

needed for growth, maintenance of
healthy nerve tissue, and formation of normal red blood cells. It also is needed for the release of energy from fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

defiency of cobalamin (B12)

A

degeneration of myelin sheaths
pernicious anemia
- a red, painful tongue and a tingling
or burning in the skin. Nerve damage can eventually lead to walking difficulties and paralysis. Nerve damage can also cause memory loss and mental slowness.

sore mouth and tongue
anorexia
neurological disoders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

toxicity of of cobalamin (B12)

A

none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

sources of folate

A

liver
leafygreen veg, spunach, legumes, seeds, broccoli, cereal and flour foritifed w folate, fruit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

functiosn of folate

A

synthesis of rbcs and dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

defificency of folate

A

anemia glossitis enural tube defects like anechepalhy and spiuna bifida

miscarriage, speperation from uterus wall

RBC are fragile and cant mature or hold oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

toxicity of folate

A

could mask b12 defieicny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

sources of biotin

A

milk, liver and kidney, egg yolks,
;egumes ,brewers yeast, soy flour, cereals, fruit

broccoli, spinach, cauliflower

Egg yolks, yeast, beans, nuts, cheese, and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

functions of biotin

A

coenzymes in carb and amino acid metanolism
niacin synthesis from tryptophan

helps the body make fat and glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

deficiency of biotin

A

dermatitis, nausea, anorexia, depression, hair loss

increase in serum cholesterol

similar symptoms of the circulatory and muscular systems as a thiamin defi-ciency. These symptoms include abnormal heart rhythms, pain, weakness, fatigue, and depression. Nausea, loss of appetite, hair loss, and dry, scaly skin are other symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

toxicity ofbiotin

A

none/ unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

sources of pantothenic acid

A

eggs, liver, salmon, poultry
mushrooms, cauliflower, peanuts, brewers yeasty

whole grain cereals and legumes
thought to be synthesized by body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

functions of pantothenic acid

A

metablism of carb, lipid, and proteins
synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones (like acetycholine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

deficiency of of pantothenic acid

A

rare: burning feet syndrome, vomiting, fatugie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

toxicity of of pantothenic acid

A

none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

sources of vitamin c (ascorbic acid)

A

all citrus fruits
broccoli
melons
strawberries
tomatoes
brussel sprouts
potatoes
cabbage
green peppers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

functions of vitamin c (ascorbic acid)

A

prevention of scurvry
formation of collagen
healing of wounds
release of stress hormones
absoprtion of iron
antixoidant
resistance to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

deficiency of vitamin c (ascorbic acid)

A

scury
muscle cramps
ulcerated gums
tendency to bruce easliy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

toxicity of vitamin c (ascorbic acid)

A

raise uric acid level
hemolytic anemia
kidney stones
rebound scurvy

f nausea, diarrhea, and stomach cramps. Large doses may also reduce the ability of vitamin B12 to function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

mineral oil can/ cant be absorbed humans

A

cant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

whree is excess fat soluble vitamisn stored

A

liver; because of this deficiency of fat-soluble vitamin deficiences eappear slower although mega doses shoudl be avoided cause it can get toxic fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what are the two forms of vitamin A

A

preformed vitmain A (retinol, adctive form)
carotenes (inactive form, found in plants, alpha-and beta-carotene - lower REA value)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what are antioxidants

A

protect cells from free radicals (atoms or groups of atoms w unpaired electrons that can be formed when oxygen itneracts w certain molecules thus causing a chain reaction by reacting with important cellular components)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what are common carotenoids

A

beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, eaxanthin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what is most efficiently ocnverted to retnol

A

beta-carotene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

best sources of beta-carotene

A

carrots, swet potatoes, spinach , broccoloi, pumpims, squash, mango cantaleoupe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what are vitamin a values commonly isted as + measurement

A

retinol equivalent (RE)
1mcg retinol or 6 mcg beta-carotene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what is the leading cause of blindness

A

lack of vitamin a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

two forms of vitmain D

A

D2 ergocalciferol and D3 cholecalciferol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

how is vitamin D3 formed

A

in humans from cholesterol in skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

vitamin d is a ____ and is ____

A

prohormone and heat-stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

best source of vitamin A

A

sunlight
chnges a provotamin to vitamin D3 in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what is vitamin D requirement

A

600 inenrational unis (15 mcg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

percent of population withvitamin d deficiency

A

40-75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

vitamin d influences expression of ___ gnees in our body

A

229

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what are the two groups of vitaminE

A

tocopherols and tocotrienols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

types of tocopherols

A

alpha, beta, delta and gamma

79
Q

most biologicalyl active tocopherols

A

alpha-tocopherol

80
Q

what aids vitammin E in its antioxidant

A

vitamin C and mineral selenium

81
Q

sources of vitamin e

A

veg oils made from corn, soybean, safflower, and cottonseed

wheat germ, nuts, leafy green, pe aut butter, broccoli, kiwi

whole grain and fortified cereals, and nuts, particularly almonds. Peanut butter, broccoli, and spinach

82
Q

vitamin E requirement increases if the amoutn of _____ in the diet increases

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

83
Q

what is vitamin K1 known as

A

phylooquione

84
Q

what is vitmain K2 known as

A

menaquinone

synthesized in bacteria and found in animal sittues

85
Q

synthetic vitaminK i called

A

menadione

86
Q

what is given to newborns immeidabey after birth and wy?

A

vitamin k bc human milk has little vitamin K and intestines of newborns contain few bacteria

vitamin k is essential for formation of prothrombin

87
Q

who are givien vitamin K

A

clients suffering from faulty fat absorption, clients after extensive antiboitoic therapy, antidote for overdose of anticoagulante, treat cases of hemorrhage

88
Q

best dietary sources of vitamin K

A

leafy greens
dairy products have some
cows milk is better than human milk
small intestine productio nis not enough

89
Q

requirement of vitamin K

A

120 mcg for men
90 mcg for women

infants up to 6 months should have 2 mcg
btwn 6-12 months should recieive 2.5 mcg

90
Q

water solbuel vitamins include _____ and ____ + cjharacteristics

A

b complex and c
dissovble in water and easily detroyed by air, lightm, and cooking

not sotred in body to extent fat-soluble vitamins are stored

91
Q

what is beri beri

A

disease that affects nervous, cv, and Gi systems
legs feels fheavy, feet burn, muscles degernate, client is irritale, suffers from headaches, depressio, anorexiaz, constipatin, tachycardia, edema, and heart failure

92
Q

thiamine cooking properities

A

partialy destoreyed by heat and alkalies and lost in cooking water

most bread and cereals are encriched w thiamine so majority of ppl easily fulfill recommended intake

93
Q

daily requirement for thiamine

A

female - 1.1 mg a day
male - 1.2 mg a day

94
Q

for whom is thiamine deficiency common

A

alchoholics bc requirement for thiamine is increases and absoprtion is decreases

renal clients undergoing long-term dialysis, bypass syrgery pt, primrialy eating rice

eating raw fish (cotains thiamin’s)

95
Q

riboflavins is destroyed by

A

light, irradiation, unstable in alkalies

96
Q

daily requiement for riboflavin

A

female - 1.1 mg
male - 1.3 mg

97
Q

best ay to prevent deificenty of riboflavin

A

fat-free milk (stored in opaque containers)

98
Q

niacin stability

A

withstand reasonable amt of heat and acid and isnt destroyed during food storage

99
Q

what is pellagra and what prevents it

A

sores on skin and diarrhea, anxiety, confusion, irritability, poor memory, dizziness, and untiemely death

niacin prevents it

100
Q

what is niacin used as

A

cholsterol=lower agent under physicain supervision

101
Q

best souces of niacin

A

meats, poultry, and fish
peanuts and legumes
erniched breads and cereals
milk and egg have niacin prcuros tryptophan

102
Q

niacin requirements

A

measured as niacin equivalents
1 NE = 1 mg niacin or 60 mg tryptophan

14 mg/NE for adult women
16 mg/NE for adult men

103
Q

vitamin B6 are composned of what 3 related forms

A

pyridoxine
pyridoxal
pyridoxamine

104
Q

vitamin b stability

A

stable to heat and sensitive to light and alkalies

105
Q

functions of vitamin B6

A

essential for protein metabolism anf absorption an d it aids in release of glucose from glyucogen

amino acids present in excessive amounts can be converted to those body is temp deficient in with the help of B6

catalyst for converting tryptophan to niacin and helps form other substances like serotonin and dopamin

106
Q

sources of vitamin B6

A

poultry, fish, ,over, kidnney, potatoes bananeas , spiach
whole grains like oats and wheat are good soruces but lost during milling andn ot repla ced so refined are not good source

107
Q

requrement for vitamin B6

A

1.3-1.5mg for female (oral contraceptives interfere w metabnolism of vitamin B6)
1.3-1.7 mg for men

108
Q

vitamin b12

A

cobalamin
contain cobalt
slightly soluble in water, fairy stabnle to heat
damaged by strong acids or alkalies and by light
stored inhuman body for 3-5 yrs

109
Q

what is b12 involved in

A

folate metabolism
maintanence of myelin sheath and healthy rbc
mush bind to intrinsic factor in gastric secretion to be absorbed and then travel to small itnesitnes where it combines w pancreastic proteases then travel to ileum where it attaches to special receptor cells to complete absorption process

110
Q

best sources of B12

A

animal foods, organ meats, lean meat, seafood, eggs, and dairy

111
Q

DRI for b12

A

2-4 mcg

inc during pregnancy and lactation

112
Q

what may occur in deficiency of b12

A

megaloblastic anemia

inadeuqate myelin synthesis

113
Q

what occurs when intrisic fator is missing

A

pernicious anemia

due to surgiical removal of stomach or bc disease or surgery affecting uleum

114
Q

folate functions

A

dna synthsis, protein metabolism, formation of hemoglobin

prevent colon, cervicial, esopggeal, stomach and pancreatic cancers

increase homocysteine levels that prevent stroke, blood vessel disease, macular degeneration, and AD

115
Q

sources of folate

A

cereals fortified w folate, leafy green veg, legume, sunflower seeds, fruits like orange juice and strawberries

heat, oxidation, UV destroy folate

116
Q

_____ of foalte destryoed during food processing

A

50-90%

117
Q

daily reuqirment of folate

A

400 mcg

600 mcg for first 6 weeks of pregnancy

118
Q

signs of foalte deficiency

A

neural tube defects
spina bifida
anecehphyu
inflammation of mouth, touge
poor growth
depression and mental confusion
probelsm w nerve function
megaloblastic anemia

119
Q

limit of folate in OTC

A

100 mcg for infants
300 mcg for children
400 mcg for adults

120
Q

what is biotin also known as

A

vitamin H

121
Q

AI of biotin

A

30 mcg

122
Q

pantothenic acid

A

greek for from manyt places

faily stable but can be damaged by acids and alkalies

123
Q

estimated intake for pantothenic acid

A

4-7 mcg

124
Q

vitamin c

A

antioxidant properities
protects food from oxidation
requred for all cell meablism
readily destroyed by heat air and alkalies

125
Q

scurvy symptoms

A

gingivitis
flesh that easily bruised
tiny, pinpoint hemorrhages of skin
poor wound healing
sore joints and muscles
weight loss
death

126
Q

vitamin c and wound healing

A

important role in forming collagen (holds body cells together)

requirement for vitamin c increased during trauma, fever, and periods of growth

tiny, pinpotin hemorrhages are symptoms of breakfdown of collagen

127
Q

vitamin c and iron

A

aids in absorption of nonheme iron hence its called an iron enhancer

128
Q

other functions of vitamin c (not as well understood)

A

formation or function of norepinephrine, some amino acids, foalte, WBCs, immune system, and alergic reactions

reduce severeity of colds bc natural antihistamine, reduces cancer risk by reducing nitrites in food

129
Q

requiremend of vitamin c

A

female - 75 mg
male - 90 mg

cig smokers - 125+ mg

130
Q

excess of vitamin c causes…

A

diarrhea, nausea, cramps, excessive absorption of food iron, rebound scurvy, oxalate kidney stones

131
Q

how many multivitamins does the american medical association recommend?

A

1

132
Q

what is a megadose

A

10x RDA/ DRI

133
Q

where to look to gain info about supplementals

A

USP (US pharmocopia)
NS international
Consumer Labs
gpvernment’s Office of Dietary Supplements

134
Q

how many vitamins are there

A

13

135
Q

how long do vitamin deficiency take to show

A

1 month or so

136
Q

RDA for Vitamin A

A

900 mcg for male 14+
700 mcg for female 14+

137
Q

retinol activity
equivalent (RAE).

A

anohther measure of vitamin A

measures the strength of various vitamin A compounds and the ease with which the body can use them

138
Q

cvitmain A tolerable upper limit

A

2800 mcg

139
Q

vitamin d and calcium

A

Normal amounts of calcium in the blood are needed for healthy nerve function, bone growth and maintenance, and other func-tions. Vitamin D performs this function by triggering the release of calcium from the bones. Vitamin D also controls blood calcium levels by enhancing the absorp-tion of calcium from the intestines. When blood calcium levels are low, vitamin D also reduces the amount of calcium the kidneys excrete.

140
Q

how many forms of vitamin D exists and what are the most important to humans

A

10 exist

2 are important: provitamins D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol)

141
Q

where is D2 found

A

plant food

142
Q

where is D3 found

A

D3 is found in animal foods, but is also made by the human body in the skin when exposed to sunlight. When sunlight shines on skin, a cholesterol-like compound in the skin forms the D3 provitamin. The liver and kid-neys then change the provitamin into the form of vitamin D best used by the body.

143
Q

A light-skinned person can make enough vita-min D to meet the body’s needs in___ minutes of sun exposure

A

15

144
Q

UL for vitamin D

A

100 mcg

145
Q

RDA for vitamin E

A

15 mcg

146
Q

what destroys vitamin e

A

heat

147
Q

erythrocyte hemolysis

A

occurs in premature infants who lack vitamin E stores (developed in last few weeks of pregnancy)

causes red blood cells to break

makes infants listless and weak

148
Q

UL for vitamin E

A

800 mcg

149
Q

AI for vitamin K in F and M 14-18 yo

A

75 mcg

150
Q

what are the B vitamisn

A

thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid
(B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate (B9), and cobalamin (B12).

151
Q

vitamin B deficiency symptoms

A

nausea and loss of weight and appetite.
Severe exhaustion, irritability, depression, and forgetfulness may occur.
The heart, skin, and immune system may also be affected.

152
Q

why was thiamine named thiamine

A

because thiamine means sulfur and B1 contians sulfur

153
Q

thiamine RDI

A

male - 1.2 mg

female - 1g

154
Q

Beriberi meaning

A

“I can’t, I can’t.

cause wo thiamine you cant do anythign tasks required for everyday living

155
Q

meaning behind the name riboflavin

A

becuase flavin means yellow and B2 is yellow

156
Q

RDA for riboflavin

A

male - 1.3mg

female - 1mg (1.1 for 19+)

157
Q

rda for niacin

A

male - 16mg
female - 14 mg

158
Q

UL for niacin

A

30mg for 14-18 yo

159
Q

meaning behind Pantothenic acid

A

comes from greek work pantheon which means from all sides

because pantothenic acid found in all living tissue

160
Q

AI for pantothenic acid

A

5 mg

161
Q

b6 RDA

A

males ages 14- 50 is 1.3 mg
Females ages 14 to 18 is 1.2 mg
female 19-50 is 1.3 mg

Vitamin B6 needs increase further for people of both sexes after age 50.

162
Q

UL for B6

A

80 mg

163
Q

where does biotin get its name from

A

greek for sustenance

164
Q

AI for biotin

A

for males and females ages 14 to 18 years is 25 micrograms

165
Q

folate name meanign

A

derived from the Latin word folium, which means “leaf.” This is a logi-cal name because leafy green vegetables are good sources of folate

166
Q

RDA for folate

A

14+ - 400 mcg
prengant - 600 mcg

167
Q

healthcare providers recommend all women of childbearing age consume_______ micrograms of folic acid daily from supplements or fortified foods

A

400

168
Q

UL for folate

A

800 mcg

169
Q

vitamin b12 name meanign

A

cobalamin because it contains cobalt

170
Q

rda b12

A

2.4 mcg

171
Q

rda vitamin c

A

males ages 14 to 18 years old is 75 milligrams per
day. After age 19, it increases to 90 milligrams per day. For females ages 14 to 18 years, the RDA is 65 milligrams per day. After age 19, it increases to 75 mil-ligrams per day. T

172
Q

UL for vitamin C

A

1800 mcg

173
Q

choline

A

vitamin-like substance, is very important for nervous system devel-opment, cell membrane production, lipid transport, reproductive health, and other body processes.

174
Q

AI of choline

A

Adequate intake for pregnant women is 450 milligrams of choline and 550 milligrams for women who are breast-feeding.

175
Q

side effects of choline

A

Brain and nervous system development of the infant can be affected if there is inadequate intake

176
Q

sources of choline

A

Eggs, milk, meat, poultry, nuts, and tofu made with calcium sulfate

177
Q

good sources of flavonoids

A

Green tea, extra virgin olive oil, and pomegranates

178
Q

plant sources of Carotenoids (such as beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin)

A

Red, orange, and green fruits and vegetables, including broccoli, carrots, cooked tomatoes, leafy greens, sweet potatoes, winter squash, apricots, cantaloupe, oranges, and watermelon

179
Q

health benefits of Carotenoids (such as beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin)

A

May inhibit cancer cell growth, work as antioxidants, and improve immune response

180
Q

plant sources of Flavonoids (such as anthocyanins and quercetin)

A

apple citrus fruits
onion
soybeans and soy producs
offee tea

181
Q

possible health benefits of Flavonoids (such as anthocyanins and quercetin)

A

inhibit inflammation and tumor growht
aid immnity nd boost production of detoxifying enzumes in body

182
Q

plant sources of Indoles and Glucosinolates (sulforaphane)

A

Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, collard greens, kale, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts)

183
Q

possible health benefits of Indoles and Glucosinolates (sulforaphane)

A

May induce detoxification of carcinogens, limit production of cancer-related hormones, block carcinogens, and prevent tumor growth

184
Q

plant sources of Inositol (phytic acid)

A

Bran from corn, oats, rice, rye, wheat, nuts, and soybeans and soy products (tofu, soy milk, edamame, etc.)

185
Q

possible health benefits of Inositol (phytic acid)

A

May retard cell growth and work as antioxidants

186
Q

plant sources of Isoflavones (daidzein and genistein)

A

Soybeans and soy products (tofu, soy milk, edamame, etc.)

187
Q

possible health benefits of Isoflavones (daidzein and genistein)

A

May inhibit tumor growth, limit production of cancer-related hormones, and generally work as antioxidants

188
Q

plant sources of Isothiocyanates

A

Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, collard greens, kale, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts)

189
Q

possible health benefits of Isothiocyanates

A

May induce detoxification of carcinogens, block tumor growth, and work as antioxidants

190
Q

plant sources of Polyphenols
(such as ellagic acid and resveratrol)

A

Green tea, grapes, wine, berries, citrus fruits, apples, whole grains, and peanuts

191
Q

possible health benefits of Polyphenols
(such as ellagic acid and resveratrol)

A

May prevent cancer formation, prevent inflammation, and work as antioxidants

192
Q

plant sources of Terpenes (such as perillyl alcohol, limonene, carnosol)

A

Cherries, citrus fruit peel, and rosemary

193
Q

possible health benefits of Terpenes (such as perillyl alcohol, limonene, carnosol)

A

May protect cells from becoming cancerous, slow cancer cell growth, strengthen immune function, limit production of cancer-related hormones, fight viruses, and work as antioxidants

194
Q
A

nutrition (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions