Chapter 18 Flashcards
What is leadership?
an interpersonal influence directed towards the achievement of a goal or goals
What is management?
the effective use and co-ordination of business resources in order to achieve key objectives with maximum efficiency
What is a supervisor?
a person given responsibility for planning and controlling the work of a group of employees
What is authority?
the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience
What is responsibility?
The liability if a person to be called to account for his/her actions. Cannot be delegated by others
What is power?
The ability to do something
What are French and Raven’s 5 sources of power?
- Reward
- Coercive
- Referent
- Expert
- Legitimate
What is reward power?
when one person is able to reward another person for carrying out their duties or meeting other requirements
what is coercive power?
when one person has the ability to punish another person for failing to carry out their orders satisfactorily
What is referent power?
often occurs when one person identifies with, or wishes to imitate another
What is expert power?
when on person is regarded by others as having special expertise or knowledge that others dont
what is legitimate power?
derived from being in a position of authority within the organisation
What are other sources of power?
resource power - based on control over key resources
negative power - ability to use disruptive behaviour and attitudes to prevent things from happening
What is Fayol’s 5 functions of management?
- Plan
- Organise
- Command
- Co ordinate
- Control
What did Taylor believe the objective of management was?
to secure the maximum prosperity for both employer and employee
How would you accomplish Taylor’s scientific management method?
4 key principles
- science of work (best way to do a job)
- Scientific selection and development of workers
- all work has to be planned, measured and controlled
- equal division of work and responsibility between workers and management
What is some criticism with the classical models?
Most modern theorists would argue that a more progressive approach is needed where;
- it is recognised that there is not always a ‘best’ way of doing particular job
- managers realise that employees can have valuable insights into a job and can make important suggestions for improvements, and
- many workers are motivated by factors other than financial rewards
Who developed the human relations school?
Elton Mayo
What did Mayo argue?
- employee behaviour depends primarily on group relations and management to worker communication, rather than working practices or physical conditions
- wage levels were not the dominant motivating factor for most workers
- ultimately, worker attitudes, group relationships and leadership style were the key factors that determined productivity
Peter Drucker argued that all managers perform what 5 basic functions?
- Develop people
- Establish yardsticks (performance)
- Motivate and communicate
- organise
- set objectives
What were Mintzberg’s Interpersonal skills?
Figurehead
Leader
Liaison
What were Mintzberg’s Informational skills?
Monitor
Disseminator
Spokesperson
What were Mintzberg’s Decisional skills?
Entrepreneur
Disturbance handler
Resource allocator
Negotiator
What are the 3 main groups of leadership theories?
Trait theories, style theories and contingency theories
What are trait theories?
Leaders are born not made
What are style theories?
Argue that certain leadership approaches or ‘styles’ can be learnt and used by a manager, depending on the situation
What did Blake and Mouton design?
a managerial grid which charts people-orientated vs task-orientated styles
What are the 5 parts to the managerial grid?
- 1 Impoverished
- 1 Task management
- 9 Country club
- 9 Team management
- 5 Middle of the road management
What are some adv of the managerial grid?
shows areas where management faults can be identified and can then provide basis for training and managerial development
what are some dis adv to the managerial grid?
the grid assumes that leadership style can be categorised into the 2 dimensions and that results can be plotted on the grid
What is Ashridge management college four main management styles?
- Tells (autocratic)
- Sells (persuasive)
- Consults (participative)
- Joins (democratic)
What is tells management style?
Manager makes all the decisions and issue instructions which are to be obeyed without question
What is sells management style?
manager still makes all the decisions, but believes that team members must be motivated to accept them in order to carry them out properly
What is conusults management style?
manager confers with the team and takes their views into account, although still retains final say
What is joins management style?
the leader and the team members make the decision together on the basis of consensus
What are contingency theories?
These suggest there is no correct style. Instead, successful leadership involves adapting to the particular circumstances in which the leader finds themselves
What are Adair’s action - centred leadership?
Task needs
Individual needs
Group need
What things are involved with task needs?
Setting objectives planning tasks allocating responsibilities Allocating responsibilities setting performance standards
What things are involved with group needs?
Communication
Team building
motivating
discipline
What things are involved with individual needs?
coaching
counselling
developing
motivating
What is Fiedler’s contingency theory?
He identified 2 distinct styles of leadership:
1) Psychologically distant managers
2) Psychologically close managers
What type of leadership are psychologically distant managers?
Reserved and formal
what type of leadership are psychologically close managers?
open and informal
What does Fiedler suggest the most effective style of leadership would be affected by?
- leader/member relations
- task structure
- leader position power
what did Bennis argue in terms of leadership?
2 types of leadership:
- transactional leadership
- transformational leadership
What is transactional leadership?
see the realationship with their followers in terms of a trade: they give followers the rewards they want in exchange for a service, loyalty and compliance
What is transformational leaders?
see their role as inspiring and motivating others to work at levels beyond mere compliance. Only transformational leadership is said to be able to change team/organisational cultures and move them in a new direction
What did Kotter set out to do?
Set out to change approaches to deal with resistance:
- Participation and involvement
- Eductaion and communication
- Facilitation and support
- negotiation and agreement
- manipulation and co-optation
What does heifetz argue?
that the main role of managers is to help people to face reality and mobilise them to make changes where necessary.
A true leader doesn’t have to have all the answers - instead encourage people to tackle challenges
