Chapter 17 - Immunity and Diseases Flashcards
What are pathogens
disease cuasing agents like bacteria and viruses
when were pathogens discovered
in the last few hundred years
Who made the first vaccination and what did he made a vaccine for
An english doctor, Edward Jenner, devoloped a vaccine for smallpox
what was Edward Jenner’s first vaccine
he injected a boy with pus from cowpox, which made him resistant to the smallpox virus.
when did people start to make the connection between Pathogens and disease
in the mid 1800’s
what did microscopes permit people to do
to observe pathogens
who developed a microscope that premited humans to see bacteria in pond water
Anton Van Leeuwnhoek
who discovered that bacteria outside the body causes wounds to decay
Louis Pasteur
how did louis pasteur discover he could kill bacteria
discovered he could kill bacteria in boiling liquids
what is pasteurization
process where a food is heated to a tempature that kills harmful bacteria without altering the food
what did Robert Koch prove
that each infectious disease was caused by a specific pathogen
what did the percentege of deaths after surgery drop to after Joeseph Lister made surgery safer by devolping a mising system to use in the operating room
dropped from 45% to 15%
differnt diseases are caused by different kinds of ______
Pathogens
Bacteria is a pathogen, what disease can bacteria cause
ear infections, strep, pneumonia….
in what year was the connection between pathogens and disease first made
mid 1800’s
how was the connection between pathogens and disease first made
John snow mapped out breaks of cholera and realized the origin was just from one water supply
how does bacteria damage cells
damages cells directly or produces toxins
what can viruses cause
cause, flu, colds chicken pox, aids
what are viruses
non-living particals that invade cells, reporduce and destroy their host
what can fungi cause
cuases athletes foot, yeast infections…
what is fungi
molds and yeasts that grow in warm, moist places
what can pathogens be transmitted through?
food, water, insects, and infected individuals
what are infectious diseases
diseases caused by pathogens that can be passes from one person to another
what are the different ways infections diseases can be transmitted
infected people, soil, water, food and infected animals
how can infectious diseases be passed through people directly
can be passed through direct contact, such as touching or kissing
what is one way that colds and flu can be passed
b direct contact, shaking hands or sharing drinks
what do HIV viruses cause
AIDS
what are AIDS
a disease that attacks the immune system
how can infectious diseases be passes through people indirectly
such as breathing in germs from someone who has coughed or sneezed.
how can infecious diseases be passed through soil, water, or food
occurs natrually in the envirment, and can pass to humans through eating/drinking
what is botulism
bacteria in soil that causes food posioning in improperly canned food
how can infecious viruses be pases through contaminated objects
touching items that contain an infectious pathogen
what are rabies
disease of the nervous system
what type of bite can pass on lymph disease
tick bites
what do mosquitos transport malaria through
a vector
what is a vector
a disease carrying organism that dosent develope the disease
what are noninfecious diease
a disease that cannot pass from person to person (it is not due to a pathogen)
what are noninfecious disease normally causes by
genetics, enviorment or both
what is childhood disease primarily due to
parents
childhood diseases are usually inherited by what?
from one or both parents (enviormental factors can make it worse)
what is an example of childhood disease becoming worse becuase of envirmental factors
cystic fibers is genetic but can become worse becuase of enviormental conditions
what is cancer
a disease where cells reproduce uncontrollaby without signal or stop
what does cancer form
a tumor
what are the functions of the Immune system
to prevent pathogens from entering the body and interacts with other body systems to keep you healthy
what are some of the systems that the immune system works with
the integumentary system, respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system, and the nervous system
what is the “first line of defense against disease”
the skin, respiratory system, digestive system, and circulatory system
how does the skin prevent many pathogens from entering the body
cells are tightly packed which prvents many pathogens from entering the body
what forms over cuts to prevent infection
scabs
what does melanin prevent your skin from
UV rays
what can prevent pathogens from entering your body
regularly washing your hands
what do the breathing passages contain to trap and remove pathogens
contain mucus and cilia to trap and remove pathogens
what causes the body to cough or sneeze, which espels the pathogens
irritants of the airways
saliva in the mouth and stomach can destroy what?
pathogens
what can mucus trap
pathogens
what is it called when muscle contacts reverse to remove pathogens that cannot be killed
vomited
what is it called when muscle contractions speed up to travel quickly through the digestive system
diarrhea
the circulatory system can move pathogens to areas that do what
fight infection
what are some things in the second line of defense
white blood cells, inflammation, and fever
what do white blood cells do in the second line of defesne
fight pathogens
fluid and white blood cells are leaked from blood vessels to areas near where?
areas near damaged cells
how do WBC attack pathogens
different types of WBC attack pathogens in different ways
what are phagocytes
WBC that engulfs and destroys pathogens
what is one way WBC fight pathogens
they release chemicals making it easier to destroy pathogens
what is inflamation
when blood vessels widen in the affected area, which increases blood flow and the number of WBC delivered to an area
what does inflammation cause
causes swelling and warmer tempatures in the area
what does inflamation do
cleans the area, keeps the infection from spreading, and lets damages tissue heal
what does a fever do
help the body fight infection – many pathogens dont reproduce well in warmer tempatures
what is another word for the third line of defense
immune system
how do cells of the immune system only target specific pathogens
cells of the immune system can distinguish and target specific pathogens
what is an antigen
a substance that cause an immune response
where are antigens usually found
can be found on the surface of a pathogen
what is an antibody
proteins made by the body that attach to the antigen to make it useless
what are lymphocytes
WBC that target specific pathogens
what are the two main types of lympocytes
T cells and B cells
what do T cells do
indentify pathogens from one another by using marker molecules on the pathogen
how do T cells help your immune system
help the immune system recognize somthing as part of your body or not
what is the chemical structure of a T cell like
each have a different chemical structure
what do B cells do
secrete antibodies into the blood
how many types of anitbodies do each type of B cells make
only one type
how do antibodies and antigens fit together
like puzzel pieces
where is information stores
in WBC called memory B cells
what is an allergy
overly sensitive response to common antigen
what does an allergy trigger
the immune response
what is immunity
the body’s ability to destroy pathogens before they can cause disease
what is active imunity
aquires active imunity when the immune system produces sntibodies in the presense of a pathogen.
how can active immunity
(t can only be aqured 1 of 2 ways)
contraction the disease or vaccination
when does the body’s immune response begin
begins where T and B cells produce antibodies to fight disease
how long do antibodies remain in the body
for many a years-sometimes a lifetimes
whats another word for vactination
immunization
what is vaccination (immunization)
process where weakened or dead antigens are intoduced into a persons body to stimulate the imune response
can cells of the immune system distingush between differnt pathogens
yes, and only eliminate the specific pathogens
what is an antigen
a substance that cause an immune response
where are antigens found
on the surface of a pathogen
what are antibodies
proteins that attach to the antigen to make it useless
where are antibodies made
made by the body
what are the two main types of WBC (lympocytes)
T cells and B cells
what are WBC that target specific pathogens
lymphocytes
what do T cells do
identify pathogens from one another by using marker molecules on the pathogens
how do T cells help your immune system
help the immune system recognize something as part of your body or not
what is passive immunity
antibodies being given to the person, rather than their immune sytem making them
how long does passive immunity last and why
only a few months becuase the body does not continue to make them
how do some babies acqure passive immunity to some diseases before birth
by sharing antibodies from the mothers blood
what are some things in the 3 lines of defense
skin, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, ect
what does the 3 lines of defense mean
ways your body has to stop pathogens from entering the body in the first place
what is the general response
Inflammatory response
what is the inflamitory response
response to every pathogen that does enter the body with the same response
chemicals can be
helpful or harmful
