Chapter 16, resperation and circulation Flashcards
what is necessary for every cell in the body
oxogen
what is the respiratory system
organs involved in breathing
what are the functions of the respiratory system
taking in oxogen and removing waste
what is cellular respiration
oxogen and sugars react to produce the energy that a cell can use to do all functions necessary for life
what is breathing
the movement of air into and out of your lungs
where is carbon dioxide and other waste gasses produced
in the cell
why does the respiratory system remove carbon dioxide and other waste gases
so the cells can function properly
what percent of what we breathe in is oxogen
21% oxogen
what percent of what we breathe out is oxogen
16% oxogen
why does CPR work
because 16% of what we breathe out is oxogen
what system does the respiratory system work together with to make cellular respiration possible
with the circulatory and digestive system
the air you breathe passes through a series of filters that do what?
trap particals, warm, and moisten the air
go study the path of air (can be found in notebook, and mabye in textbook)
GO DO IT
where does air enter through
the nose and navel cavity
what happens to air when it enters the navel cavity
mucus moistens the air and the lining, traps particles
what is the nose and nasal cavity lined with
cilia
what are cilia
hairlike extensions that sweep mucus to the throat where it is swallowed and destroyed in stomach acid
what causes you to sneeze
particles that irritate your throat cause you to sneeze which eliminates the irritant
What is another word for the Pharynx
the throat
what is the Pharyx
a tubelike passageway that receives air, food, and liquids from the mouth or nose
where is the epiglottis
is at the lower end of the pharynx
what system is the epiglottis part of
the digestive and respiratory system
what is the larynx
the larynx is a triangular shaped area, just past the pharynx
where is the voice box
at the top of the tranchea
what does the voice box contain
contains vocal cords which are folds of connective tissue that stretch across the opening of the larynx and produce your voice
what produces sound in the voice box
air moving across the vocal cords cause a vibration which produces sound
what is a nickname for the tranchea
the windpipe
what helps keep the trachea open
cartilage rings
what is the Trachea lined with
cilia and mucus
what causes you to cauogh
irritants in the trachea
what prevents you from chocking
the epiglottis seals over the trachea
what does the trachea split into
the bronchi
what part takes in air into the lungs
the bronchi
what are the smaller tubes that the bronchi branch off into
bronchioles
what is the main organ of the respiratory system
lungs
where are the alveoli
in the lungs
what are alveoli
sacs of lung tissue where gases are exchanged between air and blood
where does gas exchange happen in the respiratory system
in the alveoli
do the alveoli expand and contract
yes
how thick are the walls of the alveoli
1 cell thick
how many alveoli does an adult lung contain
300 million
what is the surface area of an adults alveoli
70 square meters
what does lots of alveoli permit
permits the high level of oxogen necessary for increased activity
what can the alveoli exchange billions of each breath
billions of molecules of oxogen and carbon dioxide with each breath
how does the body know when to breathe
high levels of carbon dioxide build up in the blood, the nervous system sends a signal to exhale the waste out
what also assists in breathing
the diaphragm and the muscles of the rib cage
what is the diaphragm
a large muscle under your lungs
the movemnet of the diaphragm causes changes in air pressure causing what?
causing the breathing
what happens in inhaling
ribs contract, chest moves upward and outward
what happens to the diaphragm in inhaling
diaphragm contracts and moves downward
increasing the volume of the lungs decreases what?
the pressure, which allows air to flow in
what happens to your ribs and diagram in exhaling
they relax
what does exhaling reduce the size of
the chest cavity
reducing of the chest cavity squeezes air out due to what?
due to the increase in air pressure
how many deaths are there per year because of smoking
~48,000
what are colds/flues caused by
viruses
what is Bronchitis
irritation of breathing passage
what happens to your lungs when they get bronchitis
they become narrower and filled with mucus, can cause perminit damage and become infected
what is pneumonia caused by
viruses or bacteria
what is pneumonia
fluid build up in the lungs, which slows air exchange
What is asthma caused by
dust, smoke, pollon, pollution
what is asthma
when you have swollen airways and increases mucus
what is emphysema
disease that destroys lung tissue and causes breathing problems
what does emphysema result in
low oxogen levels, high carbon dioxide levels, and shortness of breath
is emphysema perminit damage
yes
what is lung cancer
tumors, growths in the lungs that limit gas exchange
what is the leading cause of cancer deaths
lung cancer
what causes the most cases of lung cancer
cigarette smoking
how many americans die every year from lung cancer
~140,000
how many deaths per year are there from passive smoking
14,000 deaths
what are some dangerous chemicals in smoking
tar, carbon monoxide, and nicotine
what is tar
a dark sticky substance that forms as tabacco burns
where does tar stick in the lungs
on cillia
what is carbon monoxide
a colorless, oderless gas that binds to hemoglobin
less oxogen can reach the body when what chemical gets in the lungs?
carbon Monoxide
what is nicotine
a stimulant that increases heart rate and nervous system
what is one of the most addictive substances known
nicotine
how many chemicals are in a single cigeratte
over 4000
what is in a vape
contains many of the same chemicals as cigarettes, including many of the known carcinogens
is a vape risk-free to your health
NO NO NO NO NO NO
all e-cigs contain what
contain nicotine or other unregulated drugs
how much nicotine is in one pod
the same amount of nicotine that is in one pack of ciggerates
what can nicotine affect in adolesents and teens
brain development
vaping can cause death
what the john
34% of high schoolers and 18% of middle schoolers recall vaping 20 or more days a month
do not come to my town
what does cardio mean
heart
what does vascular mean
veins
what does the cardiovascular system consist of
consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
what are the functions of the cardiovascular system
transportsportation, elimination, and disease fighting
what needed substances does the cardiovascular system transport
nutrients, oxogen, ect
what does the cardiovascular system eliminate, and whats an example
waste from cells
ex: carbon dioxide
what does the cardiovascular system contain to attach harmful microorganisms
contains disease fighting materials
what is the heart
hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
what happens in each heartbeat
the heart pushing blood through the cardiovascular system
how big is your heart and where is it located
is as big as your heart, located right behind the sternum
look at a picture of heart in book or in notebook
knwo the blue pathways and red pathways
how the does the heart work
the heart muscles contract and fill with blood, the muscles contract and forces blood forward through the valve
why is the left ventricle’s contraction stronger than the right ventricle
because the left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body
Blood leaving the heart travels through what?
blood leaving the heart travels through arteries
what is a aorta
largest arterty
aorta branch into smaller arteries known as…
Coronary arteries
why is blood pressure in the arteries so high
because they are closest to the “pumping action” of the heart
Coronary arteries branch into smaller arteries called….
arterioles
what is the structure of an artery like
thick-walled, strong, flexable, expand and relax with heartbeat.
what are the 3 cell layers
inner walls, middle layer, and outer layer.
what are the inner walls of a cell like
epithelial cells which gives a smooth surface for transporting blood cells
what is the middle layer of a cell like
muscle tissue
what is the outer layer of a cell layer like
flexible connective tissue
what is pulse
the alternating expansion and relaxation of the artery wall, related directly to your heartbeat
how does the middle muscle layer of a cell regulate blood flow
it adjusts the amount of blood that is sent to different organs
what is an example of the middle muscle of a cell regulating blood flow
after you eat, more blood is sent to the stomach
what are capillaries
the smallest type of blood vessels
how thick are capillaries
only 1 cell thick to allow for exchange of material between individual cells and the blood stream
where is the site of diffusion
the capillaries
what doe sit mean that capillaries are a site of diffusion
materials moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
what do veins do
carries blood back to the heart
how many layers do veins have
3
is wall thickness of veins thicker or thinner than arteries
much thinner
is blood pressure in veins lower or higher than in arteries
blood pressure in the veins is lower
capillaries become venules, then they become ______
veins
what is the largest vein in the body
inferior vena cava
what do larger valves in veins prevent
prevents blood from flowing backward
what are the 3 types of circulation
systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation, coronary circulation.
where does the blood go in systemic circulation
to the body and back to the heart
where does oxygenated blood leave the heart through
the aorta
what is the largest artery in the body
the aorta
what is exchanged in systemic circulation
oxogen and carbon dioxide along with other nutrients and wastes, then returns to the heart
where does blood go in pulmonary circulation
to the lungs and back
oxogen poor blood is pumped to lungs where what is exchanged
co2 and o2
what color is blood entering the lungs
dark red
what color is blood returning to the heart
bright red
what is coronary circulation
network of arteries and veins that supplies blood to al the cells of the heart
what does coronary circulation provide and remove
provides oxogen and removes co2
what is blood pressure
blood entering a fore against the walls of the blood vessels
what causes blood pressure
caused by the force with which the ventricles contract
pressure in the arteries —–>
pressure in the veins
what is used to measure blood pressure
a sphygamomanometer, given as a fraction
how is blood pressure measured
the pressure while the ventricles are contracting over the pressure while they are relaxed
what is considered normal blood pressure
120/80, measured in mm Hg
blood pressure higher than what is considered high blood pressure or hyperstention
140/90
what can hypertenstion lead to
to weakened and less flexible artery walls
what is athersclerosis
buildup of fatty materials in the walls of the arteries
why is atherosclerosis bad
it interfears with the artery’s blood flow, deposits can break away and cause blockages in narrow arteries
what is a substance that can build up in arteries
cholesterol
when does a heart attack occur
when part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies
what is a heart attack usually caused by
by a lack of oxogen due to a blockage
when does a stroke occur
when a part of the brain is damaged or dies
what is a stroke usually caused by
a lack of oxogen due to a blood clot in a blood vessel to the brain
what is heart failure
when the heart is not working efficantly
how can you prevent heart failure, heart attacks, and strokes
some problems are genetic and cannot be eliminated, you can eat healthy, control weight, exercise, and not smoke to lower risk factors
wha are the functions of blood
transportation, protection, and tempature regulation
what does blood transport to the cells
carries oxogen and nutreisnts to individual cells
what does blood transport to the exretory system
carries carbon dioxide and other waste products
what does blood carry to the endocrime system
hormones
where are most subtances in blood dissolved
in the liquid part
how does blood provide protection
it carries and contains infection fighting cells and carries materials that help repair blood vessels and prevent blood loss.
how does blood help regulate a steady tempatre
by widening or narrowing blood vessels near the skins surface
what tempature does your blood help maintain a helathy tempture at
98.6 F or 37c
how many liter of blood does an average adult have
5-6 liters
what are the 4 main parts of the blood
red blood cells, white blood cells, plateletes, and plasma
whats another name for RBC
erythracrytes
every cubic mm has __-__ million RBC
4-6
what do RBC do
take up oxogen in the lungs and transport to all parts of the body
where are RBC made
in bone marrow
the RBC shape allows them to what?
to flex and fit through capillaries
what does RBC shape look like
disks with pinched in centers to carry oxogen
what are RBC mostly made of
hemoglobin
what is hemoglobin
iron containing protein that binds to oxogen
what happens when a RBC has no nucles
it cannot repair itself
how long do RBC live for
120 days
how many RBC die and are replaced every second in your body
2 million
whats another word for white blood cells
leukocytes
where are WBC made
in bone marrow-help fight diesase
what do WBC do
help fight disease, recognize foregein material, produce chemicals to fight diesase, and surround and kill invadors
are there more RBC or WBC
RBC
how long do WBC live
some only live for a few days and are replaced, some contain nuclei and live for years
what are platelets and what do they do
small irregular call fragments that help to heal wounds, stop bleeding and form clots
how do platelets heal wounded areas
colect and stick to the wounded area
platelets produce fibren, what is fibren
a protein that creates a wave of fibers across a cut, traps blood cells to form a clot that become a scab
what is plasma
yellowish, liquid part of the blood
what percentage of blood is plasma
(55%)
what percentage of plasma is water
90%
what does plasma allow
thins the blood and lets it trave throgh small blood vessels
what is 10% of plasma made of
salts, vitimans, sugars, minerals, proteins, wastes, and other dissolved materials
what does plasma carry
chemical message
what are the 3 types of proteins that plasma contains
regulate water amount, fight disease, and help form clots
what is blood transfusions
the transfer of blood from one person to another
what distingushes one blood type to another
proteins or antigens
what is teh lympatic system
is part of the immune system that helps destryo microrganisms that enter the body
what are functions of the lympatic system
absorbs fluids that collect around cells, absorbs fats from the digestive system and transports them to the cirulatory system, filters dead cells viruses bacteria ect, helps fight off illness or infection
what is lymph
tissue fluid- water, WBC, salts and glucose that leak out of capillaries and sourrounded tissue cells
what are lymph vessels
similar to the circulatory system, it is a network od tubes that absorb and transport LYMPH
how do lymph vessels move
by muscle contractions near the vessel
what are lymph nodes
clusters of small, spongey structures that filter particals from the LYMPH
what do lymph nodes store
WBC that attack and destory trapped particals
what do lymph nodes remove
bacteria, viruses, watses
where are large groups of nodes
neck, groin, and armpits
during an infection what may happen to the lymph nodes
they may swell because the body is producing more WBC, return to normal size when ifection is gone
what are lymphocytes
WBC that help to fight infection
what is the thymus
organ where T cells mature, can recognise and destroy cells that are infected
what is the spleen
an organ that recycles worn out red blood cells and stores blood and platelets
what are tonsils
clusters of lymp tissue on the sides of your throat
what do tonsils do
trap and destroy pathogens that enter your nose and mouth
what happens if tonsils are injured
prevent tissue fluid from draining, fluids can build up cells and cause swelling
inactivity in teh tonsils an also cause what
lymph to build up
what is tonsilitis
infection and swelling of the tonsils
what is lympoma
a type of cancer charecterizes by unontrolled production of WBC
what is hdikins lymphona
caner of the lymph nodes
