Chapter 16 Slides

Question 1

three basic benefits for all psychotherapies

Answer 1

• Hope for demoralized people
• new perspective for oneself and the world
• emphatic, trusting, caring relationship (therapeutic alliance)

Question 2

Psychotherapy

Answer 2

involves psychological techniques derived from psychological perspectives; trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth

Question 3

Biomedical therapy

Answer 3

involves treatment with medical procedures; trained therapist, most often a medical doctor, offers medications and other biological treatments

Question 4

Eclectic approach

Answer 4

approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Question 5

Psychoanalysis

Answer 5

Goals: to bring patients’ repressed feelings into conscious awareness; to help patients release energy devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts so they may achieve healthier, less anxious lives

Techniques: historical reconstruction, initially through hypnosis and later through free association (saying whatever comes to mind no matter what it is); interpretation of resistance, transference

Question 6

Humanistic perspective

Answer 6

Theme: emphasis on people’s potential for self fulfillment; to give people new insights

Goals: to reduce inner conflicts that interfere with natural development and growth; help clients grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance promoting personal growth

Techniques: client-centered therapy; focus on taking responsibility for feelings and actions and on present and future rather than past; active listening

Question 7

counter-conditioning (classical conditioning technique)

Answer 7

uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviours

Question 8

exposure therapies (classical conditioning technique)

Answer 8

treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

Question 9

systematic desensitization (classical conditioning technique)

Answer 9

associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli

Question 10

aversive conditioning

Answer 10

Goal: substituting negative response for a positive response to a harmful stimulus; conditioning an aversion to something the person should avoid

Techniques: unwanted behaviour is associated with unpleasant feelings; ability to discriminate between aversive conditioning situation in therapy and all other situations can limit treatment effectiveness

Question 11

Operant conditioning therapy

Answer 11

Consequences drive behaviour: voluntary behaviours are strongly influenced by their consequences

Question 12

Behaviour modification

Answer 12

desired behaviour reinforced; undesired behaviour not reinforced, sometimes punished

Question 13

Token economy

Answer 13

people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behaviour and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treats

Question 14

Cognitive therapies

Answer 14

teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Question 15

Beck’s therapy for depression

Answer 15

• gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking and then to persuade people to change their perceptions of their own and others’ actions as dark, negative, and pessimistic
• people trained to recognize and modify negative self-talk

Question 16

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Answer 16

• is integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behaviour therapy (changing behaviour)
• aims to alter the way they act AND the way they think
• helps people learn to make more realstic appraisals

Question 17

Group therapy

Answer 17

• conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction
• often used when client problems involve interactions with others

Question 18

Group therapy benefits

Answer 18

• saves therapists’ time and clients’ money
• encourages exploration of social behaviours and social skill development
• enables people to see that others share their problems
• provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving

Question 19

family therapy

Answer 19

• attempts to open up communication within the family and help family members to discover and use conflict resolution strategies
• treats the family as a system
• view an individual’s unwanted behaviours as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Question 20

Behaviour therapies work best for:

Answer 20

bed-wetting, phobias, compulsions, marital problems, and sexual dysfunction

Question 21

Psychodynamic therapy works best for:

Answer 21

depression and anxiety

Question 22

cognitive therapies work best for:

Answer 22

anxiety, depression and PTSD

Question 23

Evidence-based practice works best for:

Answer 23

integration of best available research with clinicians’ expertise and patients’ characteristics, preferences, and circumstances

Question 24

Alternative therapies

Answer 24

abnormal states often return to normal and the placebo effect can mislead effectiveness evaluation

Question 25

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

Answer 25

some effectiveness shown - not from the eye movement but rather from the exposure therapy nature of the treatments

Question 26

Light exposure therapy

Answer 26

relief from depression symptoms for those with a seasonal pattern of major depressive disorder by activating a brain region that influences arousal and hormones

Question 27

Antipsychotic drugs

Answer 27

• mimic certain neurotransmitters (e.g., block or increase activity of dopamine); reduce overreaction to irrelevant stimuli
• may produce sluggishness, tremors, twitches and tardive dsykinesia; Thorazine

Question 28

Antianxiety drugs

Answer 28

• Depress CNS activity; Xanax or ativan
• used in combination with psychological therapy
• may reduce symptoms without resolving underlying problems; withdrawal linked to increased anxiety and insomnia

Question 29

Antidepressant drugs

Answer 29

• increase availability of norepinephrine or serotonin; promote birth of new brain cells
• slow synaptic vacuuming up of serotonin (SSRI’s)
• effectiveness sometimes questioned due to spontaneous recovery and placebo effect

Question 30

Mood-stabilizing medications

Answer 30

Depakote: controlling manic episodes
Lithium: levels emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder

Question 31

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 31

• manipulates brain by shocking it
• involves administration of general anesthetic and muscle relaxation to prevent convulsions
• causes less memory disruption than earlier versions
• AMA concluded that ECT methods among most positive treatment effects; reduces suicidal thoughts
• Involves several theories about reason for effectiveness

Question 32

psychosurgery

Answer 32

• involves surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behaviour
• is irreversibly; least used biomedical therapy

Question 33

lobotomy

Answer 33

• psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
• procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain (Moniz)
• today, less invasive techniques used; MRI-guided surgery in severe disorders

Question 34

resilience

Answer 34

• involves personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and trauma
• can be seen in new yorkers after 9/11, spinal cord injury patients, holocaust survivors, and others