Chapter 16 Slides Flashcards
three basic benefits for all psychotherapies
- Hope for demoralized people
- new perspective for oneself and the world
- emphatic, trusting, caring relationship (therapeutic alliance)
Psychotherapy
involves psychological techniques derived from psychological perspectives; trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth
Biomedical therapy
involves treatment with medical procedures; trained therapist, most often a medical doctor, offers medications and other biological treatments
Eclectic approach
approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Psychoanalysis
Goals: to bring patients’ repressed feelings into conscious awareness; to help patients release energy devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts so they may achieve healthier, less anxious lives
Techniques: historical reconstruction, initially through hypnosis and later through free association (saying whatever comes to mind no matter what it is); interpretation of resistance, transference
Humanistic perspective
Theme: emphasis on people’s potential for self fulfillment; to give people new insights
Goals: to reduce inner conflicts that interfere with natural development and growth; help clients grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance promoting personal growth
Techniques: client-centered therapy; focus on taking responsibility for feelings and actions and on present and future rather than past; active listening
counter-conditioning (classical conditioning technique)
uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviours
exposure therapies (classical conditioning technique)
treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid
systematic desensitization (classical conditioning technique)
associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli
aversive conditioning
Goal: substituting negative response for a positive response to a harmful stimulus; conditioning an aversion to something the person should avoid
Techniques: unwanted behaviour is associated with unpleasant feelings; ability to discriminate between aversive conditioning situation in therapy and all other situations can limit treatment effectiveness
Operant conditioning therapy
Consequences drive behaviour: voluntary behaviours are strongly influenced by their consequences
Behaviour modification
desired behaviour reinforced; undesired behaviour not reinforced, sometimes punished
Token economy
people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behaviour and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treats
Cognitive therapies
teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Beck’s therapy for depression
- gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking and then to persuade people to change their perceptions of their own and others’ actions as dark, negative, and pessimistic
- people trained to recognize and modify negative self-talk
cognitive-behavioral therapy
- is integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behaviour therapy (changing behaviour)
- aims to alter the way they act AND the way they think
- helps people learn to make more realstic appraisals
Group therapy
- conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction
- often used when client problems involve interactions with others
Group therapy benefits
- saves therapists’ time and clients’ money
- encourages exploration of social behaviours and social skill development
- enables people to see that others share their problems
- provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving
family therapy
- attempts to open up communication within the family and help family members to discover and use conflict resolution strategies
- treats the family as a system
- view an individual’s unwanted behaviours as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
Behaviour therapies work best for:
bed-wetting, phobias, compulsions, marital problems, and sexual dysfunction
Psychodynamic therapy works best for:
depression and anxiety
cognitive therapies work best for:
anxiety, depression and PTSD
Evidence-based practice works best for:
integration of best available research with clinicians’ expertise and patients’ characteristics, preferences, and circumstances
Alternative therapies
abnormal states often return to normal and the placebo effect can mislead effectiveness evaluation
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
some effectiveness shown - not from the eye movement but rather from the exposure therapy nature of the treatments
Light exposure therapy
relief from depression symptoms for those with a seasonal pattern of major depressive disorder by activating a brain region that influences arousal and hormones
Antipsychotic drugs
- mimic certain neurotransmitters (e.g., block or increase activity of dopamine); reduce overreaction to irrelevant stimuli
- may produce sluggishness, tremors, twitches and tardive dsykinesia; Thorazine
Antianxiety drugs
- Depress CNS activity; Xanax or ativan
- used in combination with psychological therapy
- may reduce symptoms without resolving underlying problems; withdrawal linked to increased anxiety and insomnia
Antidepressant drugs
- increase availability of norepinephrine or serotonin; promote birth of new brain cells
- slow synaptic vacuuming up of serotonin (SSRI’s)
- effectiveness sometimes questioned due to spontaneous recovery and placebo effect
Mood-stabilizing medications
Depakote: controlling manic episodes
Lithium: levels emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- manipulates brain by shocking it
- involves administration of general anesthetic and muscle relaxation to prevent convulsions
- causes less memory disruption than earlier versions
- AMA concluded that ECT methods among most positive treatment effects; reduces suicidal thoughts
- Involves several theories about reason for effectiveness
psychosurgery
- involves surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behaviour
- is irreversibly; least used biomedical therapy
lobotomy
- psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
- procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain (Moniz)
- today, less invasive techniques used; MRI-guided surgery in severe disorders
resilience
- involves personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and trauma
- can be seen in new yorkers after 9/11, spinal cord injury patients, holocaust survivors, and others
