Chapter 12 Textbook

Question 1

Emotion

Answer 1

involves 1) physiological arousal 2) expressive behaviours 3) conscious experience

Question 2

Two-factor theory

Answer 2

Schachter Singer theory
to experience emotion one must
1) be physically aroused
2) cognitively label the arousal

Question 3

Zajonc

Answer 3

said that we actually have emotional reactions apart from, or even before, our interpretation of a situation.
Ex: liking something or someone immediately, without knowing why

Question 4

LeDoux

Answer 4

sometimes our emotions take what has called the ‘low road,’ a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex, directly to the amygdala.
Ex: a fear provoking stimulus would travel thru the eye directly to the amygdala

Question 5

Lazarus

Answer 5

Our brain processes vast amounts of information without our conscious awareness, some emotional responses don’t require conscious thinking
–> how do we know what we are reacting to if we do not appraise the situation?
The appraisal of the situation is still a mental function, thus, Lazarus says that emotions arise when we appraise the event as harmless or dangerous, whether we truly know it is or not.

Ex: we appraise the sound of the rustling bushes as the presence of a threat. Later, we realize that it was “just the wind”

Question 6

What is similar between Zajonc and LeDoux theory

Answer 6

they emphasized that some emotional responses are immediate, before any conscious appraisal

Question 7

What is similar between Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer’s theory

Answer 7

they emphasized that our appraisal and labeling of events also determine our emotional responses

Question 8

What hormones does the sympathetic nervous system pump

Answer 8

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 9

behaviour feedback effect

Answer 9

the tendency of behaviour to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

Question 10

positive psychology

Answer 10

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Question 11

Subjective well-being

Answer 11

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

Question 12

Adaptation-level phenomenon

Answer 12

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Question 13

relative deprivation

Answer 13

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Question 14

General adaptation system

Answer 14

Selye’s concept of the boys adaptive response to stress in three phases - 1) alarm 2) resistance 3) exhaustion

Question 15

psychoneuralimmunology

Answer 15

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Question 16

coping

Answer 16

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioural methods

Question 17

problem-focusted coping

Answer 17

attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Question 18

emotion-focsed coping

Answer 18

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

Question 19

Learned helplessness

Answer 19

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated adverse events

Question 20

external locus of control

Answer 20

outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

Question 21

Internal locus of control

Answer 21

the perception that we control our own fate

Question 22

self-control

Answer 22

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

Question 23

Tactics to successfully manage the stress we cannot avoid

Answer 23

1) Aerobic exercise 2) relaxation procedures 3) mindfulness meditation 4) religious engagement

Question 24

polygraph

Answer 24

measures physiological changes, such as heart rate and perspiration, that are associated with emotions.

Question 25

3 main types of stressors

Answer 25

1) Catastrophes 2) significant life changes 3) daily hassles