Chapter 14 Midterm 2

Question 1

Ego

Answer 1

Rational component, mediating, ruled by “reality principle”

• conscious mind
• mediator between Id and Superego

Question 2

Superego

Answer 2

Moralistic component, internalizing parental and social rules
-preconscious outside awareness but accessible

Question 3

Id

Answer 3

Irrational component, impulsive, ruled by “pleasure principle”
-unconscious mind

Question 4

What are Freud’s Psychosexual Stages?

Answer 4

1) Oral (0-18 months)
2) Anal (18-36 months)
3) Phallic (3-6 years)
4) Latency (6 to puberty)
5) Genital (puberty on)

Question 5

Oral Stage

Answer 5

Pleasure enters on the mouth - sucking, biting, chewing

Question 6

Anal Stage

Answer 6

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Question 7

Phallic stage

Answer 7

Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Question 8

Latency stage

Answer 8

A phase of dormant sexual feelings

Question 9

Genital stage

Answer 9

Maturation of sexual interests

Question 10

Ego (defence mechanism)

Answer 10

protects itself with tactics that reduce and redirect anxiety by reality distortion

Question 11

Defence Mechanisms function:

Answer 11

indirectly and unconsciously

Question 12

Repression

Answer 12

underlies all other defence mechanisms. It is sometimes incomplete and may be manifested as symbols in areas or slips of the tongue

Question 13

6 defence mechanisms

Answer 13

1) regression
2) reaction formation (displacement, repression)
3) projection
4) rationalization
5) displacement
6) denial

Question 14

Repression (defence mechanism)

Answer 14

• unconscious mechanism to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious
  ex: aggressive thoughts about the same sex parents are repressed

Question 15

Denial (defence mechanism)

Answer 15

• blocking external events from awareness. If some situation is too much to handle the person refuses to experience it
  ex: smokers may refuse to admit to themselves that smoking is bad for their health –> can not see that their spouse is having an affair even thought it is obvious

Question 16

Projection (defence mechanism)

Answer 16

• individuals attributing their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives to another person
  ex: you might hate someone but your superego tells you that this hatred is unacceptable. You can solve this problem by believing that they hate you

Question 17

Displacement (defence mechanism)

Answer 17

• satisfying an impulse (e.g. aggression) with a substitute object
  ex: someone who is frustrated with his or her boss at work may go home and kick their dog

Question 18

Regression (defence mechanism)

Answer 18

• a movement back in psychological time when someone is distressed
  ex: a child may begin to suck their thumb again or wet the bed when they need to spend some time in the hospital

Question 19

Sublimation (defence mechanism)

Answer 19

satisfying and impulse (e.g. agression) in a socially acceptable way

ex: exercise

Question 20

How does modern research contradict many of Freud’s ideas?

Answer 20

• Development is lifelong, not fixed in childhood
• Parental influence is overestimated and peer influence is underestimated
• belief that dreams disguise and fulfill wishes is disputed as is idea that suppressed sexuality causes psychological disorders
• freud’s scientific methodology is criticized
• after-the-fact explanations of characteristics fail to predict behaviours and traits

Question 21

Karen Horney

Answer 21

Feminist psychology - disputed Froids view of penis envy

Question 22

Alfred Adler

Answer 22

Feelings of inferiority - inferiority complex –> plays a role in personality development

Question 23

Abraham Maslow

Answer 23

Discovered the Hierarchy of needs and self-actualization

Question 24

Self-actualization

Answer 24

a person’s “full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities”

• realism and acceptance
• spontaneity
• problem centring
• autonomy
• continued freshness of appreciation
• peak experiences

Question 25

Genuineness

Answer 25

open with feelings, transparent and self-disclosing

Question 26

Empathy

Answer 26

sharing and mirroring others’ feelings, relaxing and fully expressing one’s true self

Question 27

Acceptance

Answer 27

offering unconditional positive regard

Question 28

Trait

Answer 28

stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way

Question 29

Trait theory

Answer 29

theory of personality; focuses on identifying, describing, measuring individual differences in behavioural predispositions

Question 30

Personality inventory

Answer 30

Questionnaire where people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviours; used to assess selected personality traits

Question 31

Big Five Factors

Answer 31

1) Conscientiousness
2) Agreeableness
3) Neuroticism
4) Openness
5) Extraversion
CANOE

Question 32

Social Cognitive Perspective

Answer 32

Behaviour influenced by interaction between people’s traits and their social context.
Personality is developed through
-Emphasis on interaction of personality and situation
-Active processing of information from social experiences
-conscious self-generated goals and self-regulation
-development of a self-sustem based on skills, abilities, and attitudes

Question 33

Reciprocal Determinism (albert bandura)

Answer 33

personalities are shaped by the interaction of our personal traits, our environment, and our behaviour