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Psychology 100B > Chapter 15 Slides > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Slides Flashcards

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1
Q

Biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders

A

Biological: genes, brain structure and chemistry

Psychological: stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories

Social: roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder

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2
Q

Psychological Disorders diagnostic classification

A
  • predicts the disorder’s future course
  • suggests treatment
  • prompts research into its causes
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3
Q

DSM-5

A

describes disorders and estimates their occurrence

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4
Q

Changes to DSM-5

A
  • changes in labels
  • new diagnoses
  • new categories
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5
Q

DSM-5 Criticism

A
  • DSM-5 contributes to treating everything as abnormal

- system labels are society’s value judgements

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6
Q

DSM-5 Benefits

A

helps mental health professionals communicate and is useful in research

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7
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A
  • global, persistent, chronic, excessive state of apprehension
  • often referred to as free-floating anxiety. Because the identified course of apprehension constantly changes or cannot be identified
  • physical manifestations include furrowed brow, sweating, twitching, trembling, high BP
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8
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Characterization: unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread

During panic attacks: person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking , or other terrifying sensations

This disorder involves fear of the next attack. Attempts to avoid all situations that might trigger an attack can lead to agoraphobia, the fear of being in panic-triggering situations with inadequate chance of help or escape

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9
Q

Agoraphobia

A

the fear of being in panic-triggering situations with inadequate chance of help or escape

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10
Q

Social phobia

A

intense fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

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11
Q

Obsessions

A

unwanted repetitive thoughts

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12
Q

Compulsions

A

urges to perform certain actions

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13
Q

when is a behaviour considered a disorder?

A

when it brings significant distress or when the time spent on obsessions and/or compulsions interferes with daily life

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14
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

A
  • haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety and/or insomnia that lingers for longer than four weeks after the traumatic experience
  • rises from traumatic experiences
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15
Q

Learning perspective

A

anxiety disorders are a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement of fearful behaviours, and observational learning

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16
Q

Biological Perspective

A

anxiety disorders are explained by natural selection and adaptation, genetic inheritance of high levels of emotional reactivity, and abnormal responses in the brain’s fear circuits (anterior cingulate cortex)

17
Q

Cognition

A

includes worried thoughts, as well as interruptions, appraisals, beliefs, predictions, and ruminations

includes mental habits such as hyper vigilance (persistently watching out for danger). This accompanies anxiety in PTSD

18
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms. At least one of which must be either 1) depressed mood 2) loss of interest or pleasure

19
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

person experiences mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years, along with at least two other symptoms

20
Q

Less common condition of bipolar disorder

A

person experiences not only depression but also mania - impulsive behaviour

21
Q

Depression Symptoms

A
  • emotional
  • cognitive
  • behavioural
  • physical
22
Q

Emotional Symptoms of depression

A
  • feeling of sadness, hopelessness, guilt, emptiness, or worthlessness
  • feeling emotionally disconnected from others
  • turning away from other people
23
Q

Cognitive symptoms of depression

A
  • difficulty thinking, concentrating, and remembering
  • global negativity and pessimism
  • suicidal thoughts or preoccupations with death
24
Q

Behavioural symptoms of depression

A
  • dejected facial expression
  • makes less eye contact; eyes downcast
  • smiles less often
  • slowed movements, speech, and gestures
  • tearfulness or spontaneous episodes of crying
  • loss if interest or pleasure in usual activities, including sex
  • withdrawal from social activities
25
Q

physical symptoms

A
  • changes in appetite resulting in significant weight loss or gain
  • insomnia, early morning awakening or oversleeping
  • vague but chronic aches and pains
  • diminished sexual interest
  • loss of physical and mental energy
  • global feelings of anxiety
  • restlessness, fidgety activity
26
Q

who has more depression, women or men?

A

women’s risk of major depression is nearly double men’s

27
Q

How many people commit suicide a year?

A

1 million

28
Q

Biopolar Disorder

A

-a person alternating between despondency and lethargy of depression and a state of extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, wild optimism, and rapid thoughts and speech

PET scans show that brains energy consumption rises and falls with the patient’s emotional switches

29
Q

During Depression (in the brain)

A
  • brain activity slows
  • left frontal lobe less active
  • scarcity of norepinephrine and serotonin
30
Q

Mood disorders (biopsychosocial)

A

Biological: genetic predispositions, changes in brain chemistry, brain damage due to stress and other factors

Psychological influences: negative explanatory style, learned helplessness, gender differences

social-cultural influences: traumatic/negative events, cultural expectations, depression-evoked responses

31
Q

Evolutionary perspective on the biology of depression

A

depression, in its milder, non-disordered form, may have had survival value

under stress, depression is social-emotional hibernation. It allows humans to:

  • conserve energy
  • avoid conflicts and other risks
  • let go of unattainable goals
  • take time to contemplate
32
Q

How to prevent/reduce depression

A
  1. adjust neurotransmitters with medication
  2. increase serotonin levels with exercise
  3. reduce brain inflammation with a healthy diet (especially olive and fish oils)
  4. prevent excessive alcohol use
33
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

-parttern of irresponsible or unlawful behaviour violating social norms, absent shame or remorse

34
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A
  • great instability and intensity in personal relationships

- difficulties controlling anger, impulsitivity, self-harm, fear or abandonment and difficulty with emotional control

35
Q

Dissociative disorders

A
  • this category of disorders involves extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, and personal identity that impair the ability to function
  • people who suffer this kind of disorder are “dissociated” or separated from previous memories or feelings
36
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

partial or total inability to recall important personal information; causes are psychological (e.g. extreme stress), not neurological (e.g. brain damage)

37
Q

Dissociative fugue

A

sudden and unexpected travel away from home, forgetting a previous identity and creating a new one

38
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A
  • characterized by memory disruption of personal identify combined with the exhibition of two or more distinct and altering personalities
  • formerly known as multiple personality disorder
  • dissociative disorders are thought to be reactions to stress or traumatic experiences but the how and why of the different experiences are known
  • dissociative identity disorder is extremely controversial. Skeptics point to how DID is localized in time and place, and speculate that it involves role-playing spurred by therapist suggestion. Some sympathetic researchers point to genuine differences in brain activity of the alternate personalities

Psychology 100B (12 decks)

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