Chapter 16 - Respiratory System Flashcards
True ribs
1-7
False ribs
8-10
Floating ribs
11-12
Sternum
long, flat bone in the midline of the anterior chest wall
Costalvertebral joint
The costal facet of the vertebral body articulates with the head of the rib
Costaltransverse joint
the costal facet is located on the anterior tip of the transverse process of the vertebra
Chondrosternal joint
costal cartilages articulate with the sternum - plane shaped synovial joints
Upper resiraptory tract
nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx
Lower respiratory tract
trachea and bronchial tree
Quiet inspiration
occurs when an individual is resting or sitting quietly (passive action)
Deep inspiration
Actions of quiet inspiration increase because a person needs more oxygen and therefore breathes harder - muscles that can pull the ribs up are being called into action
Forced inspiration
Occurs when an individual is working very hard, needs a great deal of oxygen, and is in a state of “air hunger”
Diaphragm origin
xiphoid process, ribs, lumbar vertebrae
Diaphragm insertion
central tendon
Diaphragm action
inspiration
External intercostal origin
rib above
External intercostal insertion
ribs below
External intercostal action
elevates ribs during inspiration
Internal intercostal origin
rib below
Internal intercostal insertion
rib above
Internal intercostal action
depress ribs during expiration
Diaphragmatic breathing
most efficient method of breathing and requires the least amount of energy
Chest breathing
requires greater effort and is much less efficient than diaphragmatic breathing
Valsalva maneuver
occurs when people hold their breath and attempt to exhale
Upper respiratory infection (URI)
any infection confined to the nose, throat, and larynx
Common URI infections
flu, laryngitis, rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa)
Lower respiratory infection (LRI)
involve structures from the trachae to the alveoli
Pneumonia
inflammation of the alveoli cause by bacterial or viral infection (most common LRI)
Lobar pneumonia
pneumonia effecting the entire lobe
Bronchopneumonia
pneumonia scattered throughout the entire lung - more common in the very young and very old
Common LRI
bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema, and asthma
Bronchitis
involves the bronchi and their many subdivisions
Emphysema
walls of the alveoli become distened and lose their elasticity due to chronic bronchial obstruction
Asthma
symptoms are usually due to a spasm of the bronchial walls which makes exhalation very difficult
Hyperventilation
occurs commonly during rapid breathing when more CO2 is removed from the system than is being produced metabolically
Stitch
temporary condition common in runners - localized, sharp pain, usually felt just below the rib cage and commonly caused by a cramp in the diaphragm
Hiccups
involuntary spasms of the diaphragm accompanied by rapid closure of the glottis which produced short, sharp, inspiratory sounds
Pleurisy
quiet, painful condition caused by inflammation of the pleura
Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
occurs by introducing air into or otherwise destroying the vacuum of the pleural cavity, reducing ventilation capacity
Rib separation
dislocation between the rib and its costal cartilages
Rib dislocation
displacement of costal cartilage from the sternum
Flail chest
when four or more ribs are fractured in two places (comminuted), causing the chest wall to collapse rather than expand during inspiration
