Chapter 15 - Neck and Trunk Flashcards
Facet Joint
apophyseal joint, is the articulation between the superior articular process of the vertebra below with the inferior articular process of the vertebra
Atlantoocipital Joint
formed by the right and left occipital condyles articulation with the superior articular facets of the atlas (C1)
- flexion and extension (moving your head to indicate yes)
Atlantoaxial Joint
Articulation between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
- neck rotation (moving your head to indicate no)
Axial extension
head flexing and neck extending to “tuck chin”
- otherwise known as cervical protraction
Median atlantoaxial joint
consists of a synovial articulatio between the odontoid process (dens) of the axis and the anterior arch of the atlas anteriorly and the transverse ligament posteriorly
Lateral atlantoaxial joints
(2) between the articular processes of C1 and C2
Transverse ligament
runs from one side of the atlas to the other and divides the atlas into an anterior and posterior compartment
- crucial for keeping the dens from displacing posteriorly in the vertebral foramen and damaging the spinal cord
Intervertebral joint
weigh-bearing occurs anteriorly on the vertebra between vertebral bodies
- allow only slight degree of motion
Anterior longitudinal ligament
runs down the vertebral column on the anterior surface of the bodies and tends to prevent excessive hyperextension
- thin superiorly and thick inferiorly where it fuses to the sacrum
Posterior longitudinal ligament
runs along the vertebral bodies posteriorly, inside, and along the anterior border of the vertebral foramina
- prevents excessive flexion and acts as a barrier between the intervertebral disk and the spinal cord
Ligamentum flavum
creates the posterior border of the vertebral canal by connecting adjacent laminae anteriorly
- high elasticity allows it to effectively lengthen during movement of the nearby facet joints but can also assist the PLL in preventing excessive flexion
Supraspinal ligament
extends from the C7 distally to the sacrum attaching posteriorly along the tips of the spinous process
Interspinal ligament
runs between the succesive spinous processes
Ligamentum nuchae
very thick, takes the place of the supraspinal and interspinal ligaments in the cervical region
Sternocleidomastiod origin
sternum and clavicle
Sternocleidomastiod insertion
mastiod process
Sternocleidomastoid action - bilaterally
flexes neck, hyperextends head
Sternocleidomastoid action - unilaterally
laterally bends the neck; rotates the face to the opposite side
Scalene origin
transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
Scalene insertion
first and second ribs
Scalene action - bilaterally
assists in neck flexion
Scalene action - unilaterally
neck lateral bending
Longus colli origin - upper part
transverse processes of C3-C5
Longus colli origin - middle part
bodes of C5-T3
Longus colli origin - lower part
bodies of T1-T3
Longus colli insertion - upper part
anterior tubercle of C1
Longus colli insertion - middle part
bodies of C2-C6
Longus colli insertion - lower part
transverse processes of C5-6
Longus colli action
flexes neck, assists in lateral bending
Longus capitis origin
transverse processes of C3-6
Longus capitis insertion
occipital bone
Rectus capitis anterior origin
Atlas (C1)
Longus capitis action
flexes head and upper neck
Rectus capitis anterior insertion
occipital bone
Rectus capitis anterior action
flexes head, stabilixes AO joint
Rectus capitis lateralis origin
transverse process of atlas
Rectus capitis lateralis insertion
occipital bone
Rectus capitis lateralis action
laterally bends head, stabilizes AO joint
Splenius capitis origin
lower half of nuchal ligament; spinous processes of C7-T3
Splenius capitis insertion
lateral occipital bone; mastoid process
Splenius capitis action - bilaterally
extend head and neck
Splenius capitis action - unilaterally
laterally bend and rotate the face to same side
Splenius cervicis origin
spinous processes of T3-6
Splenius cervicis insertion
transverse proesses of C1-3
Splenius cervicis action - bilaterally
extend neck
Splenius cervicis action - unilaterally
laterally bend and rotate the face to same side
Rectus abdominis origin
pubic crest
Rectus abdominis insertion
xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
Rectus abdominis action
trunk flexion; compression of abdomen
External oblique origin
iliac creast, pubic tubercle, linea alba
External oblique insertion
lower 8 ribs laterally
External oblique action - bilaterally
trunk flexion; compression of abdomen
External oblique action - unilaterally
lateral bending to same side; rotation to opposite side
Internal oblique origin
inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
Internal oblique insertion
ribs 8-12, linea alba
Internal oblique action - bilaterally
trunk flexion; compression of abdomen
Internal oblique action - unilaterally
lateral bending; rotation to same side
Transverse abdominis origin
inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, and costal cartilages of the last 7 ribs
Transverse abdominis insertion
pubic crest, abdominal aponeurosis, and linear alba
Transverse abdominis action
compression of abdomen
Erector spinae muscles
superficial layer of back extensors
Spinalis muscle group
most medial group, attaches to the nuchal ligament and spinous processes of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Longissimus muscle group
located lateral to the spinalis muscle group, attaching to the transverse processes from the occiput to the sacrum
Iliocostalis muscle
most lateral group, attaching primarily to the ribs posteriorly
Erector spinae (iliocostalis) origin
iliac crest, lower ribs
Erector spinae (iliocostalis) insertion
angles of ribs, upper ribs, and transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
Erector spinae (longissimus) origin
transverse processes at lower levels
Erector spinae (longissimus) insertion
transverse processes at upper levels, mastoid process
Erector spinae (spinalis) origin
spinous processes below
Erector spinae (spinalis) insertion
spinous processes above
Erector spinae action - bilaterally
extend beck and trunk
Erector spinae action - unilaterally
rotate head and laterally bend neck and trunk to the same side
Transversospinalis origin
transverse processes
Transversospinalis insertion
spinous processes of vertebrae above
Transversospinalis action - bilaterally
extend neck and trunk
Transversospinalis action - unilaterally
rotate head, neck, and trunk to opposite side
Interspinales origin
spinous process below
Interspinales insertion
spinous process above
Interspinales action
neck and trunk extension
Intertransversarii origin
transverse process below
Intertransversarii insertion
transverse process above
Intertransversarii action
neck and trunk lateral bending to the same side
Quadratus lumborum origin
liliac crest
Quadratus lumborum insertion
12 rib, transverse processes of all five lumbar vertebrae
Quadratus lumborum action
trunk lateral bending
Torticollis
deformity of the beck in which the person’s head is laterally bent to one side and rotated toward the other side
Sciatica
pain that tends to run down the posterior thigh and leg caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve roots and usually is symptomatic of an underlying pathology such as a herniated lumbar disc
Lordosis
abnormally increased curve of the lumbar spine
Flat back
abnormally increased thoracic curve
Kyphosis
abnormally increased thoracic curve
Scoliosis
any amount of lateral curve is pathological condition
Spondylosis
degenerative disorder of vertebral structure and function that may result from bony spurs, thickening of ligaments, and decreased disk height that results from reduced water content of the nucleus pulposus
Spinal stenosis
narrowing of the vertebral canal that houses the spinal cord
- also possible to have stenosis of the intervertebral foramen through which the nerve roots pass
Herniated disks
occur when there is a weakness or degeneration of the annulus fibrousus that allows a portion of the nucleus pulposus to bulge/herniate through the annulus
Ankylosing spondylitis
chronic inflammation of the vertebral column and sacroiliac joints leads to fusion
- rheumatic diseases that can lead to total loss of spinal mobility
Spondylolysis
vertebral defect in the pars interarticularis (part of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes)
Spondylolisthesis
result from a fracture, or giving wat, of a defective pars interarticularis
Compression fractures
typically result in the collapse of the anterior portion of the vertebrae
Handman’s fracture
fracture involving C2 typically occurs when there is a forceful, sudden hyperextension of the head
Whiplash
type of cervical sprain in which the head and neck suddenly and forcefully hyperextends then flexes, like the cracking of a whip
