Chapter 16 Pharmacology Flashcards
Scientists who study how drugs interact with living systems are known as:
Pharmacologist
In research setting, experimental drugs are also known as:
test articles
Pharmacologists use what discipline to study how a drug is handled by the body?
Pharmacokinetics
What is the term used for the amount of drug administered that produces the desired pharmacological effect without producing toxicity?
Therapeutic dose
Formulary dosages are best interpreted as:
recommendations
A drug compound will affect two animals in the same way, regardless of sex or health status, if the dose is equivalent.
False
The four processes by which a drug is handled by the body -absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion- are the focus of which discipline?
Pharmacokinetics
Only the metabolites of a drug are eliminated by excretion.
False
What term is used for the ability of a drug to enter the bloodstream from the site of administration?
Absorption
What organ is a major site of drug metabolism?
Liver
In what order, from fastest to slowest, in time it takes for a drug administered to take effect in the body?
IV>IP>IM>SQ>PO
What does ADME stand for?
Administer, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
The breakdown products of drugs are called ?
metabolites
What are the types of drug interaction?
Synergistic
Antagonistic
Potentiation
Additive
Why is clauvanate administered with amoxicillin?
To overcome breakdown of the antibiotic.
A drug interaction that results in reduced effect of one or both drugs is called:
Antagonistic
The liver excretes drugs and drub metabolites into the bile.
True
All drugs are toxic if given in excess.
True
The therapeutic index is a ratio that compares an effective does to a:
toxic dose
The therapeutic index can be expressed as the effective dose(ED50) divided by the lethal dose (LD50).
False: the therapeutic index is expressed as the lethal dose in half of a test population (LD50) divided by the effective dose in half to a test population (ED50).
In multimodal drug therapy, drugs with different mechanisms of action are combined.
True
What is the term for the quantity of the drug per unit of body weight?
Dose rate
Dosage regimen includes:
Dose, route of administration, frequency of administration, duration
Clinical signs of adverse drug effects are similar regardless of the body system affected.
False
Controlled substances are classified in how many schedules?
5
Who establishes the expiration date of an FDA-approved drug?
Drug manufacturer
Product labeling includes information contained on the shipping label.
True
One should never exceed the drug dosage recommended by the manufacturer for the animal species to be treated.
False
What is needed to obtain controlled substances in an animal facility?
Federal and/or state licenses
The symbol required for the label of a controlled drug contains a capital “X” and an Arabic number.
False: The symbol for a controlled drug contains a capital “C” and a Roman numeral.
The best dosage to use is the one recommended by the manufacturer and described on the label of the drug container.
False: Vets may use their knowledge of a drug’s mode of action and species-specific biologic characteristics to select an appropriate drug and dosage for safety and efficacy.
An expiration date must be included on a drug’s container.
True
It is important to know the generic name of a drug because it may be sold under various trade names.
True
One should always use the dug dosage recommended by the manufacturer for the animal species to be treated to achieve the therapeutic effect.
False
Failure to clearly label expired drugs and to store them separately from other drugs is a violation of the Animal Welfare Act.
True
Use of a drug labeled for dogs to treat a mouse is an example of “off-label” use.
True
A drug has only one generic name but may have many trade names.
True
Characteristics applied to synthetic corticosterods?
Reduces inflammation, itch, and fever
What type of antibiotic is often added to the drinking water of immunosuppressed mice to prevent infection by Pneumocystis carinii?
Sulfonamide
Clavulanate interferes with the action of amoxicillin.
False: Clavulanate potentiates amoxicillin by inhibiting an enzyme that breaks down amoxicillin.
Ibuprofen is the trade name of a drug used as an anti-inflammatory.
False: Ibuprofen is a generic name
Biologics
Pharmacological materials that consist of or are derived from living components.
Sulfonamides are broad spectrum antibiotics.
True
Fluoroquinolones are generally well tolerated by animals.
True
What antibiotics are used to treat infections with parasitic protozoa, such as Amoeba, Giardia, and Trichomonas?
Nitroimidazoles
Penicillins have mainly a Gram-negative spectrum of activity.
False: Penicillins have mainly a Gram-positive spectrum of activity.
What are pyrethrins?
Insecticides
What antibiotics are used to treat infections with parasitic protozoa, such as Amoeba, Giardia, and Trichomonas?
Nitroimidazoles
Antibiotics are used to combat what type of infections?
Bacterial
What drug is often mixed with bacitraicin and polymyxin for topical preparations used to treat superficial wounds?
Neomycin
Neomycin is very toxic if injected via the intravenous route.
True
What antibiotic can cause tissue irritation and even necrosis if it is not diluted when given by injection?
Enrofloxacin
Miconazole is effective in treating both superficial and systemic fungal infections.
False: Systemic infections are very difficult to treat and require long-term treatment with ketoconazole, itraconazole, or amphotericin.
Ivermectin should always be given orally.
False: can be adminstered orally, parenterally, or topically.
The normal bacteria living in the intestinal tract of hamsters and guinea pigs is composed of Gram-positive organisms.
True
Missed doses of antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance.
True
What term is used to refer to pharmacological materials that consist of or are derived from living components?
Biologics
In some species, breeds, and strains, ivermectin can cross into the brain and produce severe and even fatal neurological effects.
True
What does the term “drug spectrum” refer to?
The type of organisms it is effective against
In most species, the intestinal flora consists of mostly gram-negative organisms.
True
Ivermectin, fenbendazole, and pyrantel pamoate are all used to treat animals for what?
Parasites
Antidiarrheal drugs are used to treat the symptoms but not the cause of diarrhea.
True
The use of biologics is regualted by the FDA.
True
In enterotoxemia, Shigella spp. proliferate rapidly when the normal bacteria are killed by penicillin.
False: In enterotoxiemia, Clostridium difficile proliferates rapidly when the normal bacteria are killed by penicillin.
Synthetic corticosteroids can be used to effectively treat itching, but nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) cannot.
True
Gentamicin and kanamycin are examples of what type of antibiotics.
Aminoglycosides
Why is clauvanate administered with amoxicillin?
To overcome break down of the antibiotic
Miconazole is what type of drug?
Antifungal
What condition can result if guinea pigs are administered penicillins?
Enterotoxemia
A drug’s BENEFIT and HARM at a body site are also appropriately referred to as:
efficacy and toxicity
When speaking of multimodal drug therapy, “modal” refers to different modes of:
action
What antibiotics have the potential to cause inner ear and kidney toxicity?
Aminoglycosides
What antibiotics are preferred to treat enteric coccidiosis?
Sulfonamides
