Chapter 12 Immunology Flashcards
The term “attenuated” is often used in immunology. What best describes its meaning?
Weakened
According to the work of Jenner and Pasteur, prior exposure to microorganisms leads to protective immunity.
True
Which scientists are associated with the development of the basic concepts of immunology?
Jenner and Pasteur
Immunology is:
The study of the body’s response when it is exposed to foreign substances
Each antibody can bind to several different kinds of antigens.
False
What best describes “immune response”?
The body’s reaction against invading foreign substances
IgG can cross the placenta to provide some immunity to newborn animals in their first few weeks of life.
True
Different types of immune system cells produce different antibodies when exposed to the same antigen
True
Acquired immunity is also called:
adaptive immunity
In the recognition step of the acquired immune response, the antigen is called the BLANK molecule
signal
What immune system cells secrete antibodies?
B cells
What is the first class of immunoglobulins to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen?
IgM
T lymphocytes are the major cell type associated with cell-mediated immunity.
True
The innate immune response only develops in response to a specific antigen.
False
The most important role of the immune system is to keep foreign substances from entering the blood circulation.
False
Antibiotics accelerate the response of the immune system.
True
An animal’s innate immune system is functional even if the animal has not been exposed to a foreign substance.
True
What cells are the first to recognize the presence of bacterial antigens and release chemical signals to immune cells in other locations?
Phagocytes
T lymphocytes are also called T cells.
True
What cellular component plays a role in the body’s ability to recognize substances as “nonself”?
Proteins of the major histocompatibility complex.
MHC proteins help T lymphocytes recognize and attach to antigens.
True
An individual’s innate resistance to foreign substances remains the same throughout his/her life.
False
Nutrition can affect the strength of an individual’s innate resistance.
True
What enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal secreations and destroys bacteria?
Lysozyme
The same MHC proteins are found in all the animals of the same species, but different MHC proteins are present in animals of different species.
False
The acquired immune system only develops an immune response after an antigen has entered the body.
True
Fluids from tissues are transported by the circulatory system and recycled by the lymphatic system.
False: transported by lymphatic system and recycled by the circulatory system
What is the predominant type of immunoglobulins found in the saliva of mammals?
IgA
Antibodies are made up of heavy and light chains.
True
What is the method by which an animal can be given passive immunity?
By giving the animals preformed antibodies
During which phase of a primary immune response do the antibodies become detectable in the serum?
The log phase
Why are adjuvants used in vaccines?
To enhance the immune response
Immunization is a process by which an animal develops immunity after having been exposed to an antigen.
True
During the plateau phase of a primary immune response, the antibody titer for the pathogen of interest:
reaches its peak
A secondary immune response to a given antigen is generally a weaker response than the primary response to the initial exposure.
False
Stress can cause temporary immunodeficiencies.
True
What best describes autoimmune disease?
The animal’s immune system reacts against the animal’s own constituents.
What organ does the nude mouse lack?
Thymus
All diseases that affect the immune system cause a decreased immune response.
False
Why is cyclosporin A often used in indviduals who have received tissue transplants?
It is an immunosuppressant drug
In AIDS, the HIV virus destroys which of the cells involved in the immune response?
T helper cells and macrophages
Drug therapy with corticosteroids can lead to secondary immunodeficiency disease.
True
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is an immunodeficiecny virus that affects animals belonging to which group?
Nonhuman primates
A primary immunodeficiency disease is an acquired condition resulting from an infection or a side effect of a drug treatment.
False
Asthma is always caused by an allergic reaction affecting the respiratory track.
False
Because they lack a thymus, nude mice lack what component of the immune system?
T cells
What is another term used to describe immunodeficient individuals?
Immunocompromised
An autoimmune disease is the result of the individual’s immune system becoming hypersensitive to some allergen in the environment.
False
When a defect in immune response is inherited, it is referred to as a primary immunodeficiency disease.
True
What best describes immunosupression?
A lowered immune responsiveness
Asthma is always caused by an allergic reaction affecting the respiratory track.
False
In general, autoimmune diseases target all organs of the body.
False
The transplantation of a pig heart valve into a human is an example of what type of transplant?
Xenograft
The BLANK of donor and recipient is a major determinant of success of an organ transplant.
histocompatibility
What term would you use to describe a graft that is transplanted between individuals of the same species?
Allograft
What immune system cells secrete antibodies?
B Cells
What is typical of a secondary(anamnestic) immune response?
The serum titer rises to a higher level during the primary response
B cells and plasma cells are part of the BLANK -mediated immune response.
antibody
What is another term for macrophages?
antigen-presenting cells
What component of the innate immune system coats the surface of invading organisms to facilitate their attack by the macrophages?
complement proteins
What cell lineage is affected in XID mice?
B cell
What is true of phagocytes?
They engulf foreign materials
What is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mammalian serum?
IgG
What of the following is a type of interferon?
Beta
What cells of the immune system develop into plasma cells?
B cells
AIDS is an example of what type of disease?
Secondary immunodeficiency disease
An antibody-mediated immune response is associated with which kind of cells?
B cells
Which cell population is lacking in SCID mice?
T cells and B cells
Which statement applies to chronic immune complex diseases?
There is an accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes in the bloodstream.
What are the three steps involved in an acquired immunity response to a foreign substance?
Recognition, amplification, and resolution
What is the role of cytokines?
They transmit information about the presence of a foreign substance.
What is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mammalian serum?
IgG
What is typical of a secondary (anamnestic) immune response?
The serum titer rises to a higher level than during the primary response.
