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Medical Terminology > CHAPTER 16: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

CHAPTER 16: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine Glands (ductless glands)

A

Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream to influence metabolic activities, growth, and development

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2
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands

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3
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Approx. size of a pea and is located at base of brain. Consists of 2 lobes

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4
Q

Anterior lobe (pituitary)

A

Produces & secretes hormones

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5
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Produced by anterior pituitary. Regulates growth of body

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6
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Produced by anterior pituitary. Stimulates adrenal cortex

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7
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Produced by anterior pituitary. Stimulates thyroid gland

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8
Q

Gonadotropic Hormones: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Produced by anterior pituitary. Stimulates the gonads

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9
Q

Prolactin or Lactogenic hormone (PRLH)

A

Produced by anterior pituitary. Promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy & produces milk after birth

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10
Q

Posterior lobe (pituitary)

A

Stores & releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin (both made in hypothalamus)

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11
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Produced in hypothalamus; stored in and released from posterior pituitary. Stimulates kidney to reabsorb water & constricts BVs to maintain BP

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12
Q

Oxytocin

A

Produced in hypothalamus; stored in and released from posterior pituitary. Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum, and lactation postpartum

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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located superior to pituitary gland. Secretes “releasing” hormones to stimulate/inhibit release of pituitary gland hormones

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14
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Largest endocrine gland. Located anteriorly in neck below larynx. Comprised of bilateral lobes connected by an isthmus. Produces & secretes hormones T3 & T4

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15
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Produced by thyroid and requires iodine for production

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16
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

Produced by thyroid and requires iodine for production. Needed for body cell metabolism

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17
Q

Parathyroid Gland(s)

A

Four small bodies embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid lobes. Produces Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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18
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

Produced by parathyroid. Helps maintain level of Ca in blood via effects on bones & kidneys

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19
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas. Made up of various cell types that secrete various hormones (i.e. insulin, glucagon). Also has non-endocrine cells that secrete enzymes for digestion

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20
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Paired glands, one superior to each kidney. Outer portion of gland is adrenal cortex and inner portion is adrenal medulla. Produces/secretes hormones.

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21
Q

Cortisol (hydrocortisone)

A

Hormone produced/secreted by adrenal cortex. Aids body during stress by increasing glucose levels in blood for energy

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22
Q

Aldosterone

A

Hormone produced/secreted by adrenal cortex. Regulates electrolyte levels (mineral salts)

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23
Q

Epinephrine (Adrenaline), Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)

A

Hormones produced/secreted by adrenal medulla. Help body deal with stress by increasing BP, HR, & respiration rate

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24
Q

adren/o, adrenal/o

A

adrenal glands

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25
cortic/o
cortex
26
endrocrin/o
endrocrine
27
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
28
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
29
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
30
acr/o
extremities, height
31
calc/i
calcium
32
dips/o
thirst
33
kal/i
potassium
34
natr/o
sodium
35
-drome
run, running
36
Acromegaly
Enlargement of extremities/face due to excessive production of GH by pituitary after puberty
37
Adrenalitis
Inflammation of the adrenal glands
38
Adrenomegaly
Enlargement of adrenal gland(s)
39
Hypercalcemia
Excessive Ca in blood
40
Hyperglycemia
Excessive glucose in blood
41
Hyperkalemia
Excessive K in blood
42
Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive parathyroid gland activity. Leads to hypercalcemia -> osteoporosis. Other sx include muscle weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, & drowsiness
43
Hyperpituitarism
Excessive pituitary activity (increased hormone secretions)
44
Hyperthyroidism
Excessive thyroid activity (increased hormone secretions). Sx include weight loss, irritability, & heat intolerance
45
Hypocalcemia
Deficient Ca in blood
46
Hypoglycemia
Deficient glucose in blood
47
Hypokalemia
Deficient K in blood
48
Hyponatremia
Deficient Na in blood
49
Hypopituitarism
Deficiency in pituitary gland activity. Can affect function of the target endocrine gland (i.e. hypothyroidism resulting from decrease in TSH secreted by pituitary)
50
Hypothyroidism
Deficiency in thyroid gland activity. Sx include weight gain, fatigue, & cold intolerance
51
Panhypopituitarism
State of total deficiency of pituitary gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of ALL AP hormones). Much more serious than hypopituitarism.
52
Parathyroidoma
Tumor of parathyroid gland
53
Addison disease
Chronic syndrome due to deficiency in hormonal secretion from adrenal cortex. Sx include weakness, hypotension, weight loss, skin darkening, & appetite loss
54
Congenital hypothyroidism
Caused by congenital absence or atrophy of thyroid gland. Sx include puffy features, mental deficiency, large tongue, and dwarfism
55
Cushing syndrome
Excessive production of cortisol by adrenal cortices. May be result of a pituitary tumor that produces ACTH, or a primary adrenal cortex hyper-secretion. Sx include abnormal skin pigmentation, "moon face," chest/abdomen pads of fat, "buffalo hump," wasting away of muscle, & hypertension
56
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
Result of decreased secretion of ADH by posterior pituitary. Sx include excessive thirst (polydipsia), lg. amts. of urine (polyuria), & water being excreted from body
57
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Chronic disease involving disorder of carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin-producing islets of Langerhans are under-active causing hyperglycemia. Can cause chronic renal disease, retinopathy, & neuropathy. Severe cases include ketosis, acidosis, & coma
58
Giantism
Due to hyper-secretion of GH by pituitary gland before puberty
59
Goiter
Enlargement of thyroid gland. May be caused by autoimmune diseases of thyroid (Graves or Hashimoto thyroiditis), iodine deficiency, or presence of multiple nodules
60
Graves disease
Autoimmune disorder of thyroid characterized by production of excessive thyroid hormone, goiter, & exophthalmos (protrusion of eyeballs)
61
Ketoacidosis
Results from uncontrolled DM in which acid ketones accumulate from fat metabolism in the absence of adequate insulin. Can lead to coma/death
62
Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome)
Signs/sx include insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, & low levels of HDL ("good" cholesterol). Risks include development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, or stroke
63
Myxedema
Results from extreme deficiency of thyroxine (hypothyroidism) in adults. Sx include puffiness of face/hands, coarse/thickened skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech, & anemia
64
Pheochromocytoma
Tumor of adrenal medulla. Usually non-malignant. Sx include hypertension, headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis, chest pain, & abdominal pain.
65
Tetany
Condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms due to low Ca levels in blood (caused by deficiency of parathyroid hormone)
66
Thyrotoxicosis
Condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones
67
Type 1 DM (IDDM - Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)
Autoimmune disease in which beta cells of pancreas are destroyed, eventually no insulin is produced. Early/abrupt onset. Sx include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, & hyperglycemia. Ketoacidosis is most severe outcome if not treated
68
Type 2 DM (NIDDM - Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus / AODM - Adult Onset Diabetes Mellitus)
Resistance of cell receptors to insulin, coupled with a decrease in ability of pancreas to produce enough insulin to overcome the resistance. Occurs later in life, slow onset. Caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. Sx include fatigue, blurred vision, thirst, & hyperglycemia.
69
Adenectomy
Excision of all or part of a gland
70
Adrenalectomy
Excision of adrenal gland(s)
71
Pancreatectomy
Excision of pancreas
72
Parathyroidectomy
Excision of parathyroid gland(s)
73
Thyroidectomy
Excision of thyroid gland
74
Thyroidotomy
Incision of thyroid gland
75
Thyroparathyroidectomy
Excision of thyroid and parathyhroid
76
Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU)
Nuclear medicine scan that measures thyroid function. Usually used to determine cause of hyperthyroidism. Radioactive iodine is given orally
77
Sestamibi parathyroid scan
Nuclear medicine procedure used to localize hyperactive parathyroid glands. Determined by radioactive substance uptake
78
Thyroid sonography
Ultrasound test of thyroid gland used to determine if a nodule is benign/malignant, and if it cystic or solid. Also used to help guide a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy
79
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Blood test to determine amt. of glucose in blood after fasting. May indicate DM if levels are elevated
80
Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
Biopsy technique using narrow hollow needle to obtain tiny amts. of tissue for pathologic examination (i.e. thyroid nodules)
81
``` Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) (aka glycated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1C, A1C test) ```
Blood test to diagnose/monitor treatment by measuring amt. of glucose bound to hemoglobin. HbA1C provides an indication of blood sugar levels over 3 months
82
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level
Blood test that measures TSH levels
83
Thyroxine level (T4)
Blood test that gives direct measurement of amt. of thyroxine in blood. Greater than normal = hyperthyroidism & visa versa
84
Adrenocorticohyperplasia
excessive development of adrenal cortex
85
Adrenopathy
Disease of adrenal gland
86
Cortical
Pertaining to the cortex
87
Corticoid
Resembling the cortex
88
Endocrinologist
Physician who studies/treats diseases of endocrine system
89
Endocrinology
Study of endocrine system
90
Endrocrinopathy
Any disease of endocrine system
91
Euglycemia
Normal blood glucose levels
92
Euthyroid
Normal thyroid gland function
93
Glycemia
Sugar in the blood
94
Polydipsia
State of excessive thirst
95
Syndrome
Signs/symptoms that occur together
96
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of eyeball
97
Incretins
A group of hormones produced by the GI system that stimulate the release of insulin from pancreas & help preserve beta cells
98
Isthmus
Narrow strip of tissue connecting 2 larger parts in the body
99
Metabolism
Sum total of all chemical processes that occur in a living organism

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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