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Medical Terminology > CHAPTER 15: NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH > Flashcards

CHAPTER 15: NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Consists of brain & spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Collection of spinal & cranial nerves, whose branches infiltrate virtually the entire body, conveying messages to and from CNS

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3
Q

Brain

A

Contained within the cranium. Center for coordinating body activities. Comprises of cerebrum, cerebellum, & brainstem (pons, medulla oblongata, & midbrain)

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4
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion of brain; divided into L & R hemispheres. Controls skeletal muscles and interprets general senses. Contains centers for sight, hearing, intellect, memory, & emotional reactions

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5
Q

Ventricles

A

Cavities (spaces) within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and SC.

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6
Q

Cerebellum (hindbrain)

A

Located under the posterior portion of cerebrum; assists in coordination of skeletal muscles to maintain balance

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7
Q

Brainstem

A

Stemlike portion of brain that connects with the SC; contains centers that control respiration & HR. Consists of pons, medulla oblongata, & midbrain

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8
Q

Somatic Nervous System (conscious)

A

Sends voluntary signals to the skeletal muscles and receives signals from the senses

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9
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (subconscious)

A

Sends involuntary signals to various tissues including smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands, & fat. Sends autonomic signals back to brain & SC

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10
Q

Pons

A

Means “bridge.” Connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum & brainstem

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11
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Located b/w pons and SC. Contains centers that control respiration, HR, & muscles in BV walls

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12
Q

Midbrain

A

Most superior portion of brainstem

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13
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Clear fluid contained in the ventricles that flows through the subarachnoid space around brain & SC. Functions to cushion them from shock, transport nutrients, & clear metabolic waste

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14
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of 2nd lumbar vertebra. Conducts nerve impulses to/from brain & initiates reflex action to sensory information w/o input from brain

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15
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of membrane that cover brain & SC

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16
Q

Dura mater

A

Tough outer layer of meninges

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17
Q

Arachnoid

A

Delicate middle layer of meninges. Loosely attached to pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space

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18
Q

Pia mater

A

Thin inner layer of meninges

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19
Q

Nerve

A

Cordlike structure made up fibers that carries impulses from one part of body to the other. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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20
Q

Ganglion

A

Group of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS (within PNS)

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21
Q

Glia

A

Specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue. They do not conduct impulses. Some assist in secretion of CSF & others assist with phagocytosis. PNS has Schwann cells. CNS has ependymal cells, astroglia, oligodendroglia, & microglia

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22
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the NS. Destroyed neurons cannot be replaced

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23
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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24
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum, brain

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25
Q

dur/o

A

hard, dura mater

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26
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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27
Q

gangli/o, ganglion/o

A

ganglion

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28
Q

gli/o

A

glia

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29
Q

mening/o, meningi/o

A

meninges

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30
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord, bone marrow

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31
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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32
Q

radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o

A

nerve root (proximal end of peripheral nerve)

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33
Q

esthesi/o

A

sensation, sensitivity, feeling

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34
Q

ment/o, psych/o

A

mind

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35
Q

mon/o

A

one, single

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36
Q

phas/o

A

speech

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37
Q

poli/o

A

gray matter

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38
Q

quadr/i

A

four

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39
Q

-iatrist, -logist

A

specialist, physician

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40
Q

-iatry

A

treatment, specialty

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41
Q

-ictal

A

seizure, attack

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42
Q

-paresis

A

slight paralysis

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43
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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44
Q

Cerebellitis

A

Inflammation of cerebellum

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45
Q

Cerebral thrombosis

A

Blood clot in a BV in the brain. Onset of sx may appear in minutes to days. A cause of an ischemic stroke

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46
Q

Duritis

A

Inflammation of the dura mater

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47
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain

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48
Q

Encephalomalacia

A

Softening of the brain

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49
Q

Encephalomyeloradiculitis

A

Inflammation of brain, spinal cord, and nerve roots

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50
Q

Gangliitis

A

Inflammation of a ganglion

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51
Q

Glioblastoma

A

Tumor composed of developing glia (the most malignant primary tumor of the brain)

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52
Q

Glioma

A

Timer composed of glia (can develop from any of the 4 types of glial cells, or from their developing cells)

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53
Q

Meningioma

A

Tumor of the meninges (usually benign and slowly growing)

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54
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

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55
Q

Meningocele

A

Protrusion of the meninges (through a defect in the skull or vertebral arch)

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56
Q

Meningomyelocele (aka myelomeningocele)

A

Protrusion of the meninges and SC (through a neural arch defect in the vertebral column)

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57
Q

Mononeuropathy

A

Disease affecting a single nerve

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58
Q

Neuralgia

A

Pain in a nerve

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59
Q

Neuritis

A

Inflammation of a nerve

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60
Q

Neuroarthropathy

A

Disease of nerves and joints

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61
Q

Neuropathy

A

Disease of the nerves

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62
Q

Poliomyelitis (aka polio)

A

Inflammation of the gray matter of the SC (infectious disease)

63
Q

Polyneuritis

A

Inflammation of many nerves

64
Q

Polyneuropathy

A

Disease of many nerves (most often due to complication of diabetes mellitus)

65
Q

Radiculitis

A

Inflammation of the nerve roots

66
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Disease of the nerve roots

67
Q

Rhizomeningomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the nerve root, meninges, and SC

68
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Pertaining to below the dura mater; A collection of blood resulting from a broken BV. Hematoma = “tumor of blood.”

69
Q

Alzheimer disease (AD)

A

Type of dementia that occurs most frequently after age 65. Brain shrinks dramatically as nerve cells die and tissues atrophy. Is slowly progressive and usually results in profound dementia in 5-10 years

70
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, aka Lou Gehrig disease)

A

Progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of SC that controls muscles

71
Q

Bell palsy

A

Paralysis of muscles on one side of face caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve (CN VII). Signs include sagging mouth on affected side & nonclosure of eyelid

72
Q

Cerebral aneurysm

A

Aneurysm in the cerebrum. Usually asymptomatic until it ruptures

73
Q

Cerebral embolism

A

An embolus lodges in a cerebral artery, causing a sudden blockage of blood supply to brain tissue. Can lead to ischemic stroke. A-fib is a common cause of CE

74
Q

Cerebral palsy (CP)

A

Lack of muscle control & partial paralysis; caused by a brain defect or a lesion present at birth or shortly after

75
Q

Dementia

A

Cognitive impairment characterized by loss of intellectual brain function. Has several causes and is not considered part of normal aging process.

76
Q

Epilepsy

A

Condition characterized by recurrent seizures; abnormal electrical activity in brain. It is a general term for a group of neurologic disorders

77
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Congenital or acquired disorder caused by obstructed circulation of CSF, resulting in dilated cerebral ventricles & impaired brain function

78
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhage

A

Bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured BV within the brain. Acute sx include dyspnea, dysphagia, aphasia, diminished consciousness, & hemiparesis. A cause of hemorrhagic stroke and is frequently associated with high BP

79
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS, aka parkinsonism)

A

Chronic degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along brain & SC. More common sx include fatigue, balance/coordination impairments, numbness, & vision problems

80
Q

Parkinson disease (PD)

A

Chronic degenerative disease of CNS. Sx include resting tremors of hands/feet, rigidity, expressionless face, shuffling gait, & eventually dementia. Usually occurs after age 50.

81
Q

Sciatica

A

Inflammation of sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from thigh through the leg, foot & toes. Can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disc, or sitting for long period

82
Q

Shingles

A

Viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves

83
Q

Stroke (aka cerebrovascular accident (CVA), brain attack)

A

Interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells of oxygen & nutrients. Ischemic stroke is result of blocked BV; Hemorrhagic stroke is result of bleeding

84
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

A

Bleeding b/w pia mater & arachnoid layers of meninges (subarachnoid space), caused by a ruptured BV (usually a cerebral aneurysm). Sx include intense headache, nausea, vomiting, & neck pain. A cause of hemorrhagic stroke

85
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

Sudden deficient supply of blood to brain lasting a short time. Sx similar to those of a stroke, but are usually temporary and pt makes a complete recovery

86
Q

Ganglionectomy, Gangliectomy

A

Excision of a ganglion

87
Q

Neurectomy

A

Excision of a nerve

88
Q

Neurolysis

A

Loosening, separating a nerve

89
Q

Neuroplasty

A

Surgical repair of a nerve

90
Q

Neurorrhaphy

A

Suturing of a nerve

91
Q

Neurotomy

A

Incision into a nerve

92
Q

Radicotomy, Rhizotomy

A

Incision into a nerve root

93
Q

Cerebral angiography

A

Scan of BVs in the cerebrum (after injection of contrast medium)

94
Q

CT myelography

A

Scan of the SC (after injection of contrast agent into subarachnoid space)

95
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Record of electrical activity of the brain

96
Q

Electroencephalograph

A

Instrument used to record electrical activity of the brain

97
Q

Electroencephalography

A

Process of recording the electrical activity of the brain

98
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Computerized radiographic process producing a series of sectional images (slices) of tissue. Commonly used in brain, spine, neck, chest. abdomen, & pelvis

99
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

High strength, computer-controlled magnetic fields producing a series of sectional images (slices). Used to visualize swelling, infections, tumors, & herniated discs. MRI also used in abdomen & throughout musculoskeletal system

100
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

Nuclear medicine procedure combining CT & radioactive chemicals to produce sectional images of the brain or other organs (to examine blood flow & metabolic activity)

101
Q

Evoked potential studies (EP studies)

A

Group of diagnostic tests that measure changes/responses in brain waves elicited by visual (VER), auditory (AER), or somatosensory stimuli (SSER).

102
Q

Lumbar puncture (LP, aka spinal tap)

A

Diagnostic procedure performed by insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space (usually b/w the 3rd & 4th lumbar vertebrae).

103
Q

Anesthesia

A

Without feeling or sensation

104
Q

Aphasia

A

Condition without speaking

105
Q

Cephalgia

A

Pain in the head (headache)

106
Q

Cerebral

A

Pertaining to cerebrum

107
Q

Craniocerebral

A

Pertaining to cranium and cerebrum

108
Q

Dysesthesia

A

Painful sensation

109
Q

Dysphasia

A

Condition of difficulty speaking

110
Q

Encephalopathy

A

Disease of the brain

111
Q

Gliocyte

A

Glial cell

112
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Slight paralysis of half (L or R side of body)

113
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis of half of body (L or R)

114
Q

Hyperesthesia

A

Excessive sensitivity to stimuni

115
Q

Interictal

A

Occurring b/w seizures or attacks

116
Q

Intracerebral

A

Within the cerebrum

117
Q

Monoparesis

A

Slight paralysis of one limb

118
Q

Monoplegia

A

Paralysis of one limb

119
Q

Myelomalacia

A

Softening of SC

120
Q

Neuroid

A

Resembling a nerve

121
Q

Parasthesia

A

Abnormal sensation (often in extremities)

122
Q

Postictal

A

Occurring after a seizure or attack

123
Q

Preictal

A

Occurring before a seizure or attack

124
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of 4 limbs

125
Q

Subdural

A

Below the dura mater

126
Q

Afferent

A

Conveying toward a center

127
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of muscle coordination

128
Q

Cognitive

A

Pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory, and reason

129
Q

Coma

A

States of profound unconsciousness

130
Q

Concussion

A

Injury to brain caused by major or minor head trauma. Sx include vertigo, headache, & possible LOC

131
Q

Conscious

A

Awake, alert, aware of one’s surroundings

132
Q

Convulsion

A

Sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles

133
Q

Disorientation

A

State of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity

134
Q

Dysarthria

A

Inability to use speech that is distinct and connected b/c of a loss of muscle control after damage in PNS or CNS

135
Q

Efferent

A

Conveying away from the center

136
Q

Gait

A

Manner/style of walking

137
Q

Incoherent

A

Unable to express one’s thoughts/ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner

138
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis from waist down caused by damage to lower level of SC

139
Q

Seizure

A

Sudden, abnormal surge of electrical activity in brain; resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors

140
Q

Shunt

A

Tube implanted in body to redirect the flow of blood

141
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by a lack of blood supply to cerebrum

142
Q

Unconsciousness

A

State of being unaware of surroundings & incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock, illness, or drugs

143
Q

Psychogenic

A

Originating in the mind

144
Q

Psychiatry

A

Specialty of the mind

145
Q

Psychology

A

Study of the mind

146
Q

Psychopathy

A

Any disease of the mind

147
Q

Psychosis

A

Abnormal condition of the mind

148
Q

Psychosomatic

A

Pertaining to the mind and body (interrelations of)

149
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

Disorder characterized by feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness arising from the anticipation of unreal or imagined danger

150
Q

Autism (aka autism spectrum disorder (ASD))

A

Spectrum of mental disorders; features include onset during infancy/childhood, preoccupation with subjective mental activity, inability to interact socially, & impaired communication

151
Q

Panic attack

A

episode of sudden onset of acute anxiety; occurring unpredictably

152
Q

Pica

A

Compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice. May be a result of iron deficiency

153
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Any one large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality, disturbance of language/communication, withdrawal from social interaction, & disorganization/fragmentation of thought, perception, and emotional reaction

154
Q

Somatoform disorders

A

Disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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