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Medical Terminology > CHAPTER 15: NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH > Flashcards

CHAPTER 15: NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Consists of brain & spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Collection of spinal & cranial nerves, whose branches infiltrate virtually the entire body, conveying messages to and from CNS

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3
Q

Brain

A

Contained within the cranium. Center for coordinating body activities. Comprises of cerebrum, cerebellum, & brainstem (pons, medulla oblongata, & midbrain)

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4
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion of brain; divided into L & R hemispheres. Controls skeletal muscles and interprets general senses. Contains centers for sight, hearing, intellect, memory, & emotional reactions

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5
Q

Ventricles

A

Cavities (spaces) within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and SC.

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6
Q

Cerebellum (hindbrain)

A

Located under the posterior portion of cerebrum; assists in coordination of skeletal muscles to maintain balance

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7
Q

Brainstem

A

Stemlike portion of brain that connects with the SC; contains centers that control respiration & HR. Consists of pons, medulla oblongata, & midbrain

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8
Q

Somatic Nervous System (conscious)

A

Sends voluntary signals to the skeletal muscles and receives signals from the senses

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9
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (subconscious)

A

Sends involuntary signals to various tissues including smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands, & fat. Sends autonomic signals back to brain & SC

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10
Q

Pons

A

Means “bridge.” Connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum & brainstem

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11
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Located b/w pons and SC. Contains centers that control respiration, HR, & muscles in BV walls

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12
Q

Midbrain

A

Most superior portion of brainstem

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13
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Clear fluid contained in the ventricles that flows through the subarachnoid space around brain & SC. Functions to cushion them from shock, transport nutrients, & clear metabolic waste

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14
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of 2nd lumbar vertebra. Conducts nerve impulses to/from brain & initiates reflex action to sensory information w/o input from brain

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15
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of membrane that cover brain & SC

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16
Q

Dura mater

A

Tough outer layer of meninges

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17
Q

Arachnoid

A

Delicate middle layer of meninges. Loosely attached to pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space

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18
Q

Pia mater

A

Thin inner layer of meninges

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19
Q

Nerve

A

Cordlike structure made up fibers that carries impulses from one part of body to the other. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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20
Q

Ganglion

A

Group of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS (within PNS)

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21
Q

Glia

A

Specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue. They do not conduct impulses. Some assist in secretion of CSF & others assist with phagocytosis. PNS has Schwann cells. CNS has ependymal cells, astroglia, oligodendroglia, & microglia

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22
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the NS. Destroyed neurons cannot be replaced

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23
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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24
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum, brain

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25
dur/o
hard, dura mater
26
encephal/o
brain
27
gangli/o, ganglion/o
ganglion
28
gli/o
glia
29
mening/o, meningi/o
meninges
30
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
31
neur/o
nerve
32
radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o
nerve root (proximal end of peripheral nerve)
33
esthesi/o
sensation, sensitivity, feeling
34
ment/o, psych/o
mind
35
mon/o
one, single
36
phas/o
speech
37
poli/o
gray matter
38
quadr/i
four
39
-iatrist, -logist
specialist, physician
40
-iatry
treatment, specialty
41
-ictal
seizure, attack
42
-paresis
slight paralysis
43
-plegia
paralysis
44
Cerebellitis
Inflammation of cerebellum
45
Cerebral thrombosis
Blood clot in a BV in the brain. Onset of sx may appear in minutes to days. A cause of an ischemic stroke
46
Duritis
Inflammation of the dura mater
47
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain
48
Encephalomalacia
Softening of the brain
49
Encephalomyeloradiculitis
Inflammation of brain, spinal cord, and nerve roots
50
Gangliitis
Inflammation of a ganglion
51
Glioblastoma
Tumor composed of developing glia (the most malignant primary tumor of the brain)
52
Glioma
Timer composed of glia (can develop from any of the 4 types of glial cells, or from their developing cells)
53
Meningioma
Tumor of the meninges (usually benign and slowly growing)
54
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
55
Meningocele
Protrusion of the meninges (through a defect in the skull or vertebral arch)
56
Meningomyelocele (aka myelomeningocele)
Protrusion of the meninges and SC (through a neural arch defect in the vertebral column)
57
Mononeuropathy
Disease affecting a single nerve
58
Neuralgia
Pain in a nerve
59
Neuritis
Inflammation of a nerve
60
Neuroarthropathy
Disease of nerves and joints
61
Neuropathy
Disease of the nerves
62
Poliomyelitis (aka polio)
Inflammation of the gray matter of the SC (infectious disease)
63
Polyneuritis
Inflammation of many nerves
64
Polyneuropathy
Disease of many nerves (most often due to complication of diabetes mellitus)
65
Radiculitis
Inflammation of the nerve roots
66
Radiculopathy
Disease of the nerve roots
67
Rhizomeningomyelitis
Inflammation of the nerve root, meninges, and SC
68
Subdural hematoma
Pertaining to below the dura mater; A collection of blood resulting from a broken BV. Hematoma = "tumor of blood."
69
Alzheimer disease (AD)
Type of dementia that occurs most frequently after age 65. Brain shrinks dramatically as nerve cells die and tissues atrophy. Is slowly progressive and usually results in profound dementia in 5-10 years
70
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, aka Lou Gehrig disease)
Progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of SC that controls muscles
71
Bell palsy
Paralysis of muscles on one side of face caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve (CN VII). Signs include sagging mouth on affected side & nonclosure of eyelid
72
Cerebral aneurysm
Aneurysm in the cerebrum. Usually asymptomatic until it ruptures
73
Cerebral embolism
An embolus lodges in a cerebral artery, causing a sudden blockage of blood supply to brain tissue. Can lead to ischemic stroke. A-fib is a common cause of CE
74
Cerebral palsy (CP)
Lack of muscle control & partial paralysis; caused by a brain defect or a lesion present at birth or shortly after
75
Dementia
Cognitive impairment characterized by loss of intellectual brain function. Has several causes and is not considered part of normal aging process.
76
Epilepsy
Condition characterized by recurrent seizures; abnormal electrical activity in brain. It is a general term for a group of neurologic disorders
77
Hydrocephalus
Congenital or acquired disorder caused by obstructed circulation of CSF, resulting in dilated cerebral ventricles & impaired brain function
78
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured BV within the brain. Acute sx include dyspnea, dysphagia, aphasia, diminished consciousness, & hemiparesis. A cause of hemorrhagic stroke and is frequently associated with high BP
79
Multiple sclerosis (MS, aka parkinsonism)
Chronic degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along brain & SC. More common sx include fatigue, balance/coordination impairments, numbness, & vision problems
80
Parkinson disease (PD)
Chronic degenerative disease of CNS. Sx include resting tremors of hands/feet, rigidity, expressionless face, shuffling gait, & eventually dementia. Usually occurs after age 50.
81
Sciatica
Inflammation of sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from thigh through the leg, foot & toes. Can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disc, or sitting for long period
82
Shingles
Viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves
83
Stroke (aka cerebrovascular accident (CVA), brain attack)
Interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells of oxygen & nutrients. Ischemic stroke is result of blocked BV; Hemorrhagic stroke is result of bleeding
84
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Bleeding b/w pia mater & arachnoid layers of meninges (subarachnoid space), caused by a ruptured BV (usually a cerebral aneurysm). Sx include intense headache, nausea, vomiting, & neck pain. A cause of hemorrhagic stroke
85
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Sudden deficient supply of blood to brain lasting a short time. Sx similar to those of a stroke, but are usually temporary and pt makes a complete recovery
86
Ganglionectomy, Gangliectomy
Excision of a ganglion
87
Neurectomy
Excision of a nerve
88
Neurolysis
Loosening, separating a nerve
89
Neuroplasty
Surgical repair of a nerve
90
Neurorrhaphy
Suturing of a nerve
91
Neurotomy
Incision into a nerve
92
Radicotomy, Rhizotomy
Incision into a nerve root
93
Cerebral angiography
Scan of BVs in the cerebrum (after injection of contrast medium)
94
CT myelography
Scan of the SC (after injection of contrast agent into subarachnoid space)
95
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Record of electrical activity of the brain
96
Electroencephalograph
Instrument used to record electrical activity of the brain
97
Electroencephalography
Process of recording the electrical activity of the brain
98
Computed tomography (CT)
Computerized radiographic process producing a series of sectional images (slices) of tissue. Commonly used in brain, spine, neck, chest. abdomen, & pelvis
99
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
High strength, computer-controlled magnetic fields producing a series of sectional images (slices). Used to visualize swelling, infections, tumors, & herniated discs. MRI also used in abdomen & throughout musculoskeletal system
100
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
Nuclear medicine procedure combining CT & radioactive chemicals to produce sectional images of the brain or other organs (to examine blood flow & metabolic activity)
101
Evoked potential studies (EP studies)
Group of diagnostic tests that measure changes/responses in brain waves elicited by visual (VER), auditory (AER), or somatosensory stimuli (SSER).
102
Lumbar puncture (LP, aka spinal tap)
Diagnostic procedure performed by insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space (usually b/w the 3rd & 4th lumbar vertebrae).
103
Anesthesia
Without feeling or sensation
104
Aphasia
Condition without speaking
105
Cephalgia
Pain in the head (headache)
106
Cerebral
Pertaining to cerebrum
107
Craniocerebral
Pertaining to cranium and cerebrum
108
Dysesthesia
Painful sensation
109
Dysphasia
Condition of difficulty speaking
110
Encephalopathy
Disease of the brain
111
Gliocyte
Glial cell
112
Hemiparesis
Slight paralysis of half (L or R side of body)
113
Hemiplegia
Paralysis of half of body (L or R)
114
Hyperesthesia
Excessive sensitivity to stimuni
115
Interictal
Occurring b/w seizures or attacks
116
Intracerebral
Within the cerebrum
117
Monoparesis
Slight paralysis of one limb
118
Monoplegia
Paralysis of one limb
119
Myelomalacia
Softening of SC
120
Neuroid
Resembling a nerve
121
Parasthesia
Abnormal sensation (often in extremities)
122
Postictal
Occurring after a seizure or attack
123
Preictal
Occurring before a seizure or attack
124
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of 4 limbs
125
Subdural
Below the dura mater
126
Afferent
Conveying toward a center
127
Ataxia
Lack of muscle coordination
128
Cognitive
Pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory, and reason
129
Coma
States of profound unconsciousness
130
Concussion
Injury to brain caused by major or minor head trauma. Sx include vertigo, headache, & possible LOC
131
Conscious
Awake, alert, aware of one's surroundings
132
Convulsion
Sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles
133
Disorientation
State of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity
134
Dysarthria
Inability to use speech that is distinct and connected b/c of a loss of muscle control after damage in PNS or CNS
135
Efferent
Conveying away from the center
136
Gait
Manner/style of walking
137
Incoherent
Unable to express one's thoughts/ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner
138
Paraplegia
Paralysis from waist down caused by damage to lower level of SC
139
Seizure
Sudden, abnormal surge of electrical activity in brain; resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors
140
Shunt
Tube implanted in body to redirect the flow of blood
141
Syncope
Fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by a lack of blood supply to cerebrum
142
Unconsciousness
State of being unaware of surroundings & incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock, illness, or drugs
143
Psychogenic
Originating in the mind
144
Psychiatry
Specialty of the mind
145
Psychology
Study of the mind
146
Psychopathy
Any disease of the mind
147
Psychosis
Abnormal condition of the mind
148
Psychosomatic
Pertaining to the mind and body (interrelations of)
149
Anxiety disorder
Disorder characterized by feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness arising from the anticipation of unreal or imagined danger
150
Autism (aka autism spectrum disorder (ASD))
Spectrum of mental disorders; features include onset during infancy/childhood, preoccupation with subjective mental activity, inability to interact socially, & impaired communication
151
Panic attack
episode of sudden onset of acute anxiety; occurring unpredictably
152
Pica
Compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice. May be a result of iron deficiency
153
Schizophrenia
Any one large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality, disturbance of language/communication, withdrawal from social interaction, & disorganization/fragmentation of thought, perception, and emotional reaction
154
Somatoform disorders
Disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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