CHAPTER 10: CARDIOVASCULAR, IMMUNE, LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS AND BLOOD Flashcards by Charley Zicari

cardiovascular system consists of:

the heart, closed network of blood vessels composed of arteries, capillaries, and veins

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Function of cardiovascular system

Heart functions as 2 pumps operating simultaneously: the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, the left side pumps blood to the rest of the body.

Exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and body tissue takes place in the capillaries

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heart

muscular cone shaped organ located behind breast bone and between lungs; the pumping action circulates blood throughout body

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Chambers of the heart

upper: right and left atria
lower: right and left ventricles

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antrioventricular valves

tricuspid and mitral valves: lie between the right atrium and the right ventricle and the left atrium and left ventricle, respectfully. Valves of the heart keep blood flowing in one direction

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semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic valves, located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta, respectively

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pericardium

two-layer sac surrounding the heart, an external fibrous and an internal serous layer that secretes a fluid that facilitates movement of the heart

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3 layers of the heart

epicardium: covers the heart, myocardium: middle, thick, muscular layer
endocardium: inner lining of the heart

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blood vessels

tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body

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arteries

carry blood containing oxygen and other nutrients away from the heart to the body walls, except for the pulmonary artery, which carries carbon dioxide and other waste products to the lungs

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arterioles

smallest arteries

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aorta

largest artery in the body

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veins

carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the heart, except for the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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venules

smallest veins in the body

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venae cavae

largest veins in the body

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capillaries

connect arterioles with venules; exchange of gases takes place in capillaries

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Function of blood

maintains internal balance in body, transportation of waste, O2, CO2, hormones, protection against microorganisms, regulation of body temp and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance

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plasma

liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspected

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erythrocytes

red blood cells that carry O2

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leukocytes

white blood cells that combat infection

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thrombocytes

(platelets) responsible for aiding in the clotting process

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The lymphatic system consists of:

lymph transported through lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen and thymus gland

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Function of lymphatic system

returns excessive tissue fluid to the blood, absorbs fats and fat soluble vitamins from the SI and transports them to the blood and provides defense against protection

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lymph

transparent, colorless tissue fluid; lymph contains lymphocytes and monocytes

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lymph vessels

transport lymph from body tissues to a large vein in the chest

lymph nodes

small, spherical bodies made up of lymphoid tissue; act as filters in keeping substances such as bacteria from the blood

spleen

located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm; largest lymphatic organ in the body

thymus gland

located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs; plays an important role in the development of the body's immune system

Functions of immune system

protects the body against pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and viruses), foreign agents that cause allergic reactions or toxins (insect bites), and abnormal body cells (ex. cancer)

3 lines of defense of immune system

first line: mechanical and chemical barries second line: natural killer cells-protective proteins third line: specific immunity, formation of specific antibodies to fight against the infectious agent

angi/o

vessel (usually refers to blood vessel)

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

atri/o

atrium

cardi/o

heart

lymph/o

lymph, lymph tissue

lymphaden/o

lymph node

myel/o

bone marrow

phleb/o, ven/o

vein

plasm/o

plasma

splen/o

spleen

thym/o

thymus gland

valv/o, valvul/o

valve

ventricul/o

ventricle

ather/o

yellowish, fatty plaque

ech/o

sound

electr/o

electricity, electrical activity

isch/o

deficiency, blockage

therm/o

heat

thromb/o

clot

brady-

slow

pan-

all, total

-ac

pertaining to

-apheresis

removal

-penia

abnormal reduction in number

-poiesis

formation

-sclerosis

hardening

acute coronary syndrome

ACS, sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction

aneurysm

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

angina pectoris

chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle

arrhythmia

any disturbance or abnormality in the heart's normal rhythmic pattern

atrial fibrillation

AFib, cardiac arrhythmias characterized by chaotic, rapid, electrical impulses in the atria (atria quiver instead of contracting)

cardiac arrest

sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation

cardiac tamponade

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

coarctation of the aorta

congenital cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the aorta

congenital heart disease

heart abnormality present at birth

coronary artery disease

(CAD) condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium

deep vein thrombosis

(DVT) condition of thrombus (blood clot) in a deep vein of the body, typically in lower extremities

heart failure

(HF) inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply tissues and organs with enough O2 and nutrients

hypertensive heart disease

(HHD) disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure

intermittent claudication

pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking; a condition seen in peripheral arterial disease

ischemia

deficient blood flow due to constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel, can lead to myocardial infarction

mitral valve stenosis

narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever

myocardial infarction

(MI) heart attack, necrosis of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply

peripheral arterial disease

(PAD) disease of the arteries of arms and legs resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery (also called PVD, peripheral vascular disease)

rheumatic heart disease

damage to the heart muscle or heart valve caused by one or more episodes of rheumatoid fever

varicose veins

distended or tortuous vein usually found in the lower extremities