Chapter 15

Question 1

Macroevolution

Answer 1

Dramatic biological change: origin of new species, extinction, evolution of major structure

Question 2

Speciation

Answer 2

Evolution of a new species, may increase biological diversity

Question 3

Reproductive barriers

Answer 3

Barriers to interbreeding

Question 4

Adapted radiation

Answer 4

Small group arrives in new habitat, new groups evolve from common ancestors via genetic drift and adaption. Diverse species will adapt to new diverse environments, speciation relies on geographic isolation. Follows founder effect.

Question 5

Punctuated Equilibrium

Answer 5

Long periods of equilibrium (no change) in fossil record; short spurts of adaptation/speciation (change)

Question 6

Embryology

Answer 6

Study of organisms development from fertilized eggs to fully formed adults

Question 7

Geological time scale

Answer 7

Record of earths history. Divided into periods and epochs, divisions

Question 8

Biological Species Concept

Answer 8

Species = a population/group whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Distinguish new species, microevolution vs macroevolution

Question 9

Radiometric dating

Answer 9

Can tell absolute age, presence of radioactive isotope used to date organisms from up to 50,000 years ago. Allows for construction of history of life on earth

Question 10

Continental Drift

Answer 10

Movement of major land masses due to tectonic plate movement. Organisms separated for a long time are more distinct, and organisms from areas that were recently connected are more similar.

Question 11

Mass Extinction

Answer 11

When many species are wiped out

Question 12

Taxonomy

Answer 12

Identification, naming, classifying species

Question 13

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 13

2 part scientific naming system

Question 14

Phylogenetic Tree

Answer 14

Reflects branching evolutionary relationships. Closely related organisms have more homologous structures in common.

Question 15

Cladistics

Answer 15

Method of grouping organisms based on shared derived traits

Question 16

Derived Traits

Answer 16

Shared traits inherited from a common ancestor

Question 17

Analogous structure

Answer 17

Different structures, same functions

Question 18

Convergent evolution

Answer 18

Species in similar environments evolve similar adaptations

Question 19

What is the effect of geographic isolation on population of organisms?

Answer 19

They may undergo extensive genetic drift and adaptation, populations may adapt, yet not become a new species

Question 20

What conditions lead to adaptive radiation?

Answer 20

Small group arrives in a new habitat, new groups evolve from common ancestors via genetic drift and adaptation. Speciation relies on geographic isolation

Question 21

Why/when would adaptations occur relatively quickly in a population, and what does this have to do with natural selection?

Answer 21

Punctuated equilibrium. Genetic drift, natural selection act quickly (hundreds or thousands of years) on populations adapting to new environment.

Question 22

Compare gradual adaptation to punctuated equilibrium

Answer 22

Gradual is slowly over time, while punctuated equilibrium has long periods of no change in fossil records, which results in short spurts of adaptation/speciation

Question 23

What clues can we use to construct a history of life on earth?

Answer 23

The geological time scale and fossils

Question 24

How might continental drift have contributed to evolution of species?

Answer 24

Organisms separated for a long time are more distinct (independent evolution), and organisms from areas that were recently connected are more similar

Question 25

What event usually follows a mass extinction?

Answer 25

adaptive radiation

Question 26

Why do we organize species?

Answer 26

To what species are closely related ( more categories more related)

Question 27

How have classification systems changed over time?

Answer 27

It went from a 2 or 3 kingdom scheme (plants, animals, fungi), to a 5 kingdom scheme (animallia, plante, fungi, protisa, monera) and a 3 domain system (bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes)

Question 28

Compare 5 kingdom and 3 domain systems

Answer 28

3 domains used to show differences in bacteria, and 5 kingdom clumps both bacteria together (monera)

Question 29

What is a species?

Answer 29

A form of life, all members of population are the same species

Question 30

How can you distinguish different species from one another?

Answer 30

Biological species concept equals a population/group whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 31

What factors keep species separated or distinct?

Answer 31

Geographic or reproductive isolation. Examples: Reading behavioral differences, habitat isolation, incompatible reproductive systems, or infertile hybrid offspring/unsuccessful development of hybrid offspring

Question 32

Explain how evolution can act as a gradual remodeling process leading to complex structures

Answer 32

Evolution ask is the refining process, large changes may result from accumulated small adaptations (Think of it as fine-tuning)

Question 33

Give examples of existing structures adapted for new functions

Answer 33

Titan protein in arthropods exoskeleton and penguins used to five but now swim with their wings

Question 34

How can changes in gene expression during early development lead to structural changes into fully formed organisms?

Answer 34

Developmental biology can explain some evolved adaptations. Embryology small changes to developmental genes that can cause species to develop differently. Examples, salamanders, some have web feet and some don’t

Question 35

How is massive extinction example of evolution?

Answer 35

Loss of biodiversity usually followed by adaptive radiation by survivors

Question 36

If two or more organisms have similar characteristics this is always indicate a common ancestor?

Answer 36

No convergent evolution, results in analogous structures. Examples, wings for flight in birds and insects, both are used for the same thing but structured differently