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Biology > 11.4-11.6 > Flashcards

11.4-11.6 Flashcards

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0
Q

Phenotype

A

traits caused by the proteins coded for by the genes

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1
Q

Genotype

A

Formed by a sequence of DNA nucleotide bases

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2
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

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3
Q

Transcription

A

DNA changes to mRNA. mRNA takes codes out of nucleus to cytoplasm

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4
Q

Translation

A

mRNA organized in 3 base codons

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5
Q

Codons

A

Codes for single A.A. Several codons> several a.a.’s in a chain> polypeptide

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6
Q

Triplet

A

64 different triplet combos

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7
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

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8
Q

Stop codon

A

3 triplets code for this, code for end of gene sequence

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9
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

An enzyme that links together each new RNA nucleotide in the mRNA strand, specific DNA sequences code for start/stop

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10
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding nucleotides regions

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11
Q

Exons

A

Gene parts that are expressed

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12
Q

RNA splicing

A

Exons joined together, happens to form mRNA

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13
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Translates 3 base codons of mRNA rto a.a.’s that make up a polypeptide

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14
Q

Anti-codon

A

3 bases complementary to a 3 base mRNA codon

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15
Q

Ribosome

A

Organelle which uses mRNA to build polypeptide, 2 sub units (large and small), made of proteins and rRNA, 2 tRNA binding sites on large subunit

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16
Q

A site

A

Holds tRNA With most amino acid’s to be added to chain

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17
Q

P site

A

Holds tRNA attached to growing polypeptide chain

18
Q

Mutation

A

A change in DNA nucleotide sequence, may involve single/multiple nucleotides

19
Q

Base Substitution

A

A base is replaced with different base.

20
Q

Silent Mutation

A

Base is replaced, but triplet still codes for same a.a.

21
Q

Base insertion/deletion

A

Nucleotide added/taken away, shift triplet groupings, all downstream nucleotides in different groupings > code for different a.a.’s, different or non-working polypeptide produced.

22
Q

Mutagen

A

A physical/ chemical agent that causes a mutation. Ex: UV rays, tobabco smoke, nuclear radiation

23
Q

Explain how the terms genotype and phenotype relate to DNA and proteins

A

Genotypes are made of a DNA sequence of nucleotide bases, and Phenotypes are traits caused by proteins coded for by the genes. These two things make up DNA.

24
Q

Experiments and Conclusions of Beadle and Tatum

A

Bread mold experiment. If mold mutant defective in a single gene it lacks a single polypeptide. The Conclusion was that one gene codes for one specific polypeptide

25
Q

What is the central dogma of life?

A

DNA > RNA > Protein . Each gene equals a specific chain of DNA. DNA code is converted to RNA code, ribonucleic acid. RNA has U (uracil) instead of T (thymine) pairs with A (adenine). Also has a ribose sugar-phosphate backbone and it is a single strand.

26
Q

Explain the basic steps leading from a DNA code to a protein

A

Transcription: DNA > mRNA
•mRNA takes code out of nucleus to cytoplasm
Translation: mRNA organized in 3 base codon > codes for single a.a.
•several codons > several a.a.’s in a chain > polypeptide

27
Q

What is the triplet code?

A

The 64 different combinations of codons to form 20 a.a.’s.

28
Q

What is DNA changed into during Transcription?

A

RNA

29
Q

What other substances are involved in building the complementary mRNA transcript from the DNA?

A

RNA polymerase, parent strand DNA, uracil instead of thymine

30
Q

How is an mRNA transcript edited before leaving the nucleus?

A

Introns are removed and RNA splicing occurs, which connects the exons together.

31
Q

How is tRNA involved? What are the important parts of the tRNA molecule?

A

It translates three bass codons of mRNA to amino acids that make up a polypeptide. TRNA Bynes to correct amino acid. TRNA contains anti-codon which connects three bases complementary to a three bass mRNA codon. TRNA is linked to specific amino acid by an enzyme using ATP energy.

32
Q

Explain how tRNA and mRNA interact at the P and a sights of the ribosome to form a polypeptide

A

The P site holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide chain while be a site holds the tRNA with the next amino acid to be added to the chain. The ribosome is the organelle which uses mRNA to build polypeptides.

33
Q

How many bases make up a codon? How many codons make up to one amino acid?

A

Three bases make up a codon. One codon makes one amino acid.

34
Q

What are the different types of mutations?

A

Base substitution, base insertion/ deletion, and silent mutations.

35
Q

Describe how some mutations are harmful, some are beneficial, and some are silent.

A

Some can be harmful because they can cause serious diseases, summer beneficial because they can allow things to adapt to their environment, and summer silent and are hardly noticeable and don’t harm the body anyway

36
Q

What are the causes of mutations?

A

Errors during DNA replication, errors in crossing over in meiosis, and the effects of mutagen

37
Q

How do mutations relate to species in individual diversity?

A

Helpful mutations help survival, mutations may be passed on to offspring the gametes, and they provide a source of genetic diversity

38
Q

What is meant by the idea of a universal genetic code?

A

Each gene = specific chain of DNA

All organisms have DNA (genotypes) that code for Phenotypes, all have T, G, C, A

39
Q

How does the triplet code relate to building proteins from DNA?

A

3 triplets code for stop codons + start codons, code for end of gene sequence (end of polypeptide), start codon (AUG) = protein code start

40
Q

How does the original DNA sequence relate to the structure of the polypeptide that is eventually constructed?

A

Transcription of complementary mRNA, mRNA codons code for specific a.a’s that form the polypeptide. tRNA also uses mRNA to build the polypeptide and ribosome

41
Q

Summarize how a genotype leads to a phenotype based on polypeptides.

A

Begin with DNA template (genotype) > transcription of complementary mRNA > mRNA creates codons code for specific a.a.’s > tRNA uses mRNA codon to build polypeptide and ribosome > proteins formed determine the appearance and function (phenotype)

42
Q

How does base substitution and base insertion/deletion cause different effects on phenotypes?

A

Base substitution: can cause diseases

Base Insertion/deletion: triplet groupings shift > sequence changes code for a.a.’s

Biology (19 decks)

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