Chapter 14

Question 1

How do we acquire gender roles?

Answer 1

through observational learning

Question 2

What was the Traditional approach to Individual Differences: Masculinity–Femininity?

Answer 2

On a single continuum

Masculine ———— Feminine

If high on one, automatically low on the other

Question 3

What is the newer approach to Individual Differences: Masculinity–Femininity? (new names for each)

Answer 3

*Agency - Independence, assertiveness, and control
*Similar to masculinity

*Communion - Attachment, cooperation, and interpersonal connection
*Similar to femininity

Question 4

Why did we change terms “masculinity” and “femininity”?

Answer 4

Agency and communion are less emotionally loaded
- Also masc and fem aren’t fully accurate

Question 5

Explain the logic of the Androgyny Model?

Answer 5

*Views masculinity and femininity as independent traits

*Challenges the assumption that a person’s gender should match his or her gender type

Question 6

What does the Androgyny model say is the most adjusted person?

Answer 6

*Maintains that the most well-adjusted person is both masculine and feminine

Question 7

Explain the chart of androgyny:

High Masc + High Fem
High Masc + Low Fem
Low Masc + High fem
Low Masc + Low fem

Answer 7

High Masc + High Fem = Androgenous
High Masc + Low Fem = Masc / Agency
Low Masc + High fem = Fem / Communion
Low Masc + Low fem = Undifferentiated

Question 8

Which category is the most adaptable?

Answer 8

Androgenous! Because in different situations you might need more communion traits, and in others more agency traits

Question 9

What does the Congruence model say about Gender Type and Well- Being?

Answer 9

States that masculine men and feminine women are the most well-adjusted

Question 10

What does the Masculinity model say about Gender Type and Well- Being?

Answer 10

Maintains that being masculine is the key to mental health

Question 11

What does the Androgyny model say about Gender Type and Well- Being?

Answer 11

People whose behavioral repertoires lack either masculine or feminine behaviors are ill-prepared to respond to many situations they encounter

Question 12

What does Gender Type say about Interpersonal Relationships?

Answer 12

A lot of people we know today are androgenous.

Better couples have an androgenous person involved.

Masculine people score the worst

Question 13

Reasons that make feminine and androgynous people preferable partners:

Answer 13

*Feminine people score high on being sensitive to others’ needs

*Androgynous people are more aware of and better able to express romantic feelings

*Feminine and androgynous individuals communicate well

Question 14

What is the result of Unmitigated (unrestrained) Agency?

Answer 14

*People acting narcissistically, focusing on themselves to the exclusion of others

*People find themselves in trouble when situations require them to rely on other people as they turn potential friends away

Question 15

What is the result of Unmitigated Communion?

Answer 15

*People being concerned with taking care of others that they tend to sacrifice their own needs and interests

*Includes people who score low on measures of well-being and self-esteem

*Related to high scores on measures of depression

Question 16

What is Bandura’s Four-Step Model of aggression?

Answer 16

*People must go through each of four steps before exposure to aggression leads them to act aggressively

*Attending to an aggressive action
*Remembering the information
*Enacting what is seen
*Expecting that rewards will be forthcoming

*Research indicates that children learn aggression by imitating aggressive models. Rehearsing aggression, as when children play with toy guns, is one step in this process

Question 17

How can make attending and remembering easier in Bandura’s four step model?

Answer 17

If a role model or someone they like does it

Question 18

How can Mass Media Aggression influence Aggressive Behavior?

Answer 18

*Majority of studies found that viewing aggression increases the likelihood of acting aggressively

*Frequent exposure to aggressive models on television increases aggressive behavior over the short run and many years later

ex. longitudinal studies on children found that more TV. watched led to more criminal behaviour

Question 19

How does Violent Video Games effect aggressive behaviour?

Answer 19

*Players of violent video games are rewarded for killing police, soldiers, cyborgs, and innocent bystanders

*Most violent video games contain features that psychologists find especially worrisome

*Players do not merely watch the action

*Virtually all violent video games are designed to reward violence

Question 20

How do violent video games relate to banduras four step model?

Answer 20

It follows his steps in a perfect mix.

• They pay attention to violence
• they remember violence (important to learn gameplay)
• They act out what they see (in the game)
• Rewarded in game for violence

Question 21

What is Learned Helplessness?

Answer 21

Hypothetical people have in common is that they are all examples of what researchers refer to as learned helplessness

*Psychology’s interest in learned helplessness began with the curious behavior of some dogs in a classical conditioning study but soon evolved into a widely applied phenomenon

Question 22

Explain the learned helplessness studies:

Answer 22

The animals squirmed and tried to escape, but soon came to accept that they could do nothing to avoid the shocks

*Whenever a signal sounded, the dogs could avoid electric shocks by simply jumping over a small partition to the other side of a shuttle-box

the animals that learned they were helpless did not try escape (and instead just took the pain and cried)

Question 23

How did they study learned helplessness in humans?

Answer 23

Same experiment but with noise instead of shocks.

(give ppl puzzle, one groups can be solved and others can’t)

(group that learns there is nothing they can do gives up escaping the noise)

Question 24

How can people Learn Helplessness?

Answer 24

*People learn helplessness in the initial uncontrollable setting and can’t break out of that association in subsequent situations

*Sometimes people learn to be helpless by simply observing other people who are helpless

Question 25

How can the elderly fall into learned helplessness?

Answer 25

*Elderly may generalize the perception of uncontrollability to other areas of their lives

*Lack of motivation and activity seen in elderly may be a form of highly generalized learned helplessness

Question 26

How can Learned Helplessness appear in people with Psychological Disorders?

Answer 26

*Observations led psychologists to suggest that depression develops similar to acquiring learned helplessness

*Neurotransmitter serotonin helps in the development of learned helplessness and depression

*Learned helplessness acts as an important model for understanding depression

Question 27

How can learned helplessness effect those with depression?

Answer 27

cognitive part: negative about themself, the future and the world (Negative triage)

Learning behaviours

Question 28

What is the Locus of control?

Answer 28

*Internal locus of control orientation
*People can affect what happens to them
*Good and bad experiences are of people’s own making

*External end of locus of control dimension
*People who believe that what happens to them and others is outside of their control

Question 29

Where do People suffering from psychological disorders appear on locus of control?

Answer 29

more external than internal

*Reasons for connection between locus of control and depression connects to the research on learned helplessness

Question 30

Which side of Locus of control does better in school?

Answer 30

*Internal students receive higher grades and better teacher evaluations than externals
*Reasons for internals doing better in school
*See themselves as being responsible for their achievements
*Tend to attribute high test scores to their abilities or to studying hard

Question 31

Explain how internal Locus of Control and Well-Being impacts Achievement:

Answer 31

*Good at adjusting their expectancies following feedback
*Pay attention to information that will help them reach their goals
*More ambitious than external students
*Good at adjusting their expectancies following feedback
*Pay attention to information that will help them reach their goals
*More ambitious than external student