Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Personality- Class Notes > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Early Definition of Psychology, and what did it emphasize?

A

Early Definition of Psychology: Psychology was once defined simply as “the study of behavior.”

*Emphasis on observable actions only, excluding thoughts and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is behaviourism? (In most extreme form)

A

(In most extreme form):
- The mind is an illusion (doesn’t really exist)
-Any kind of thought you have can be put in behavioural terms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who created our idea of behaviorism today?

A

Watson / Skinner

But didn’t start the whole movement (just our modern version of it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Impact of Behaviorism?

A

Dominated early psychology, limiting the scope of psychological inquiry to measurable behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How would Skinner (big behaviorist) explain why you reach for water?

A

You would answer: I was thirsty

He would say that you reached for water because you had not drunk water in a while (an observable fact)
- You saying your thirsty is just an explanation for an action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was behaviorism a response to?

A

Introspection and studying the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Did behaviorism keep its core concepts over the years?

A

Yes!

Despite a decline in strict behaviorism, its core concepts remain influential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two ways behaviorism changed?

A
  1. The field has expanded beyond simple behavior to include mental processes.
  2. Integration of Cognitive Concepts: The line between behavioral and cognitive approaches has blurred over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How did behaviorists think you learned / developed personality?

A

A reward system for behaviors.

  • Being happy makes other like you (so you behave joyfully)
  • Pronouncing words correctly makes my mum happy, I will pronounce them like that
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(basics of social learning theory)

Expansion of Behavioral Concepts,

How did the behaviourism theory expand passed just observable behaviours?

A

Social learning theory incorporates cognitive elements such as thoughts, values, and perceptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(basics of social learning theory)

Observational Learning:

A

People can learn behaviors by observing others, not just through direct experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

( basics of social learning theory)

Give an example of how people learn new skills! :)

A

Learning new skills by watching a mentor or through media.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(Key concepts of social learning theory)

What are Unobservable Factors?

A

What we do not see

Includes cognitive processes like expectations and individual perceptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(Key concepts of social learning theory)

What is Learning Through Observation?

A

We can learn without learning something directly (ex. a doctor doesn’t have to fail at a procedure 10 times to learn, they can observe mentors)

Can be bad too, If parent overreacts to each spider, the kid will probs freak out too!

Emphasizes that individuals can learn behaviors without direct reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

(Key concepts of social learning theory)

What is the Importance of Role Models?

A

The behavior of significant others (e.g., parents, peers, public figures) influences learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What two approaches does Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) use?

A

Integration of Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives

  • How you feel/think and how you act
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)? What does it try do?

A

Combines principles of behaviorism and cognitive psychology.

*Focuses on changing both behaviors and thought patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Modern Approach to Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy?

A

Practitioners now use an integrated framework for understanding and modifying behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who is John B. Watson?

A

published “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It,” marking the start of behaviorism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was John B. Watson’s major agrument?

A

Psychology should focus only on observable behavior, not on unobservable mental states.

*Rejection of Mental States: Emotions, thoughts, and the unconscious were considered irrelevant unless they could be observed and measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What was Watson’s opinion on how children are raised?

A

“Give me any child and I can turn them into a doctor, lawyer, even beggar or thief. Just by regulating the child’s environment”

  • Nothing about childs feelings, thoughts or background mattered
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Overt Behavior as Subject Matter?

A

Emphasis on behaviors that can be observed, predicted, and controlled.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the goal of Overt Behavior as Subject Matter?

A

To make psychology a science based on measurable phenomena

– Like other sciences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

With behaviourism, how does personality develop?

A

Classical Conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does classical conditioning work?

A

*Begins with an existing stimulus-response (S-R) association
*Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) evokes unconditioned response (UCR)
*Unconditioned stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) evokes conditioned response (CR)

*Second-order conditioning - Building one conditioned S-R association on anothe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

(Freebe)- Helpful example of Classical conditioning from google:

A

A fear response is an example of classical conditioning.

If someone has encounters with a cat who scratches them as a child, they may develop a fear response to cats. The cat (neutral stimulus) is presented right before the scratching (unconditioned stimulus) which leads to a fear response (unconditioned response).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What did Watson think about Pavlov’s dogs experiement?

A

Before he thought reflexes were innate, now its changed.

Thought emotional reactions could be conditioned

He created: Little Albert experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Important distinction: Watson uses “emotional reactions” and not “emotion”. Why?

A

Reaction is observable, but emotion is not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Watson’s “Personality as Habit Systems”?

A

Watson believed personality results from learned responses to stimuli over time

30
Q

What did Watson believe about Conditioning and Personality?

A

People’s characteristic behaviors stem from their unique conditioning histories

31
Q

What was Watson’s controversial claim about children (already mentioned)?

A

Asserted that given control of the environment, any child could be trained to become any type of specialist, regardless of genetics or background

32
Q

What is Watson’s conditioning a model of?

A

Phobias

When become scared of something they develop a phobia (like how little Albert got scared of all white rats!) - Conditioning a fear response

33
Q

According to Watson, how do we develop habits?

A

Same way as phobias

34
Q

According to Watson, how do we develop personality?

A

Just many instances of classical conditioning over our lifetimes

Associations we make in our environments

35
Q

What are the two Limitations of Classical Conditioning?

A

*Persistence of new S-R association requires occasional pairing or reinforcement of unconditioned and conditioned stimuli

*Extinction - Gradual disappearance of the conditioned S-R association

36
Q

Does Extinction (of S-R relationship) mean the person unlearned an association?

A

No! it means they learned something new

-They learned the stimulus doesn’t mean anything anymore
- This is what exposure therapy is

37
Q

Who is the name associated with Operant Conditioning?

A

Skinner!

38
Q

What is Operant Conditioning: Law of Effect?

A

Law of effect - Behaviors are:

*More likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences

*Less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences

39
Q

What did Thorndike do? (Cat study)

A

to study learning behavior of cats. A hungry cat is placed in a box which can be opened if the cat pushes a latch. A food reward (‘positive reinforcer’) will be obtained by the cat if it figures out how to escape from the box.

  • At beginning - cats frantically tried to escape (happen across escape mechanism and get out)
  • The next times the cat will figure it out quicker (purely behavioural cuz he didnt think animals could think)
40
Q

What did Thorndike think was the role of the food in his cat experiment?

A

The food reinforced the association between getting out of the cage and the mechanism

Eventually: no thinking required, it would become habit to get out of cage (automatically triggered by stimuli)

IMPORTANT: He did not believe the food reinforced the response (Often confused with Skinner)

41
Q

What is Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism?

A

*Expanded on Watson’s ideas with radical behaviorism.

*Acknowledged the existence of thoughts but focused on observable causes of behavior

42
Q

(Radical Behaviorism)

What is Environmental Determinism?

A

Behavior is shaped by environmental contingencies, not free will or internal traits

If he opens powerpoint, we will pull out laptop or notes. Every action is a reaction to environment

43
Q

What were Skinner’s Controversial Views?

A

In Beyond Freedom and Dignity, Skinner argued that the concept of personal freedom is an illusion shaped by external reinforcements.

44
Q

What is Skinners Stimulus control?

A

Ex. if you only study in one corner, the area will be associated with studying

If you sit there you will start studying (behaviour is reinforced)

45
Q

(Operant conditioning terms)

What is Reinforcement?

A

Consequence that increases the frequency of a behaviour

46
Q

(Operant conditioning terms)

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Positive means = you are adding something
(Not positive in sense of good or bad)

Purpose: Increase probability of a response
Increase behaviour

47
Q

(Operant conditioning terms)
What is negative reinforcment?

A

Negative means = you are removing something (removing an adversive stimulus)

Purpose: Increase a behaviour

48
Q

Difference between reward and reinforcer?

A

Reward: Less focused on actual behaviour

Reinforcer: Get it each time you do the behaviour

49
Q

(Operant conditioning terms)

What is extinction?

A

Not reward behaviour

Goal: Decrease behaviour

50
Q

(Operant conditioning terms)

What is punishment?

A

Give aversive stimulus or remove positive stimulus

Goal: Decrease behaviour

51
Q

(Operant conditioning terms)

What is Consequence?

A

Reinforcement or punishment depending on the person and the situation

52
Q

What is Shaping in Operant Conditioning?

A

Reinforcement of successive approximations of the desired behavior (make someone do a little bit of something to get to final goal)

*Useful in teaching complex behaviors

53
Q

(Operant Conditioning)

What is Chaining in Shaping

A

Reward each step so you can get them to final result

Ex. teaching kid to bake.
First you reward them for measuring flower,

then mixing,

then pouring in pan,

then baking

All the way till they can do it alone!

54
Q

Can animals always be “shaped” into doing a behaviour?

A

No!
Ex. with raccoons, couldn’t train them to do task with coins cuz they instinctually put coins to their mouths

Genetic Drift: When animals physiology, genetic makeup, etc control behaviour

55
Q

What is Generalization in Operant conditioning?

A

Generalizing a response of a specific stimulus to another stimulus

(Ex. anything that resembled the white rat)

56
Q

What is “Discriminate” in Operant conditioning?

A

Differentiation between rewarding and nonrewarding stimuli

Diff stimuli = diff responses

(ex. different lights at a traffic stop = different responses - go, slow down, or stop)

57
Q

What is Social Learning Theory?

A

*Behavior-environment-behavior interactions
*Environment influences people’s behavior which in turn determines the environment people like to be a part of

  • Ex. you are driving, someone cuts you off. You start getting angry. Going to create a response in the passenger that’s with you.
  • If passenger says “yeah, yeah” that guy is a jerk. Well now your likely to do that again
58
Q

What did social learning theory ADD to behaviourism?

A

Yes there are things in the environment, but we also shape the environment.

Yes children are shaped by environment, but what kind of child they are will also determine environment parents set up for them (if always angry, maybe parents create calm environment, bringing more calm behaviour)

59
Q

(Social Learning theory)

How are things reinforced?

A

Individuals provide their own reinforcer

Ex. If I go to favorite restaurant and get my fav food, that will reinforce my behavior (conscious)

60
Q

(Social Learning Theory)

What is behavior potential?

A

Each of these responses has a different likelihood of occurring, what Rotter referred to as its behavior potential.

61
Q

(Social Learning theory)

What are expectancies?

A

what we believe will happen if we act a certain way

62
Q

What does social learning theory rely on?

A

generalized expectancies—beliefs we hold about how often our actions typically lead to reinforcements and punishments.

*Rotter (1966) proposed that each of us can be placed along a continuum called locus of control (internal (your fault) or external (other’s fault) is determining your fate)

63
Q

What does behaviour potential rely on? (Two concepts)

A

Our Expectancy + Reinforcement value

64
Q

(Social Cognitive Theory)

What is Reciprocal determinism? (Bandura)

A

External and internal determinants of behavior are part of a system of interacting influences
*Affect both behavior and various parts of the system
*People when faced with new issues, imagine possible outcomes, calculate probabilities, set goals, and develop strategies

Basically: Internal (beliefs, thoughts, and expectations) and external (rewards/punishments) both interact and effect each other. This causes an overall behaviour

65
Q

(Social Cognitive theory)

What is Self-regulation? (Bandura)

A

Controls behavior in the absence of external reinforcements and punishment

66
Q

(Social Cognitive theory)

What is Observational Learning? (Bandura)

A

People learn by observing other people’s actions

67
Q

What is Observational learning (Bobo Example)?

A

People can learn by observing or reading or just hearing about other people’s actions (children watching adult be violent to doll)

*Behaviors learned through observation need not be performed
*Performing an observed behavior depends on people’s expectations about the consequence (if think get treat for aggression, will attack doll like adults)

68
Q

What are the Behavioral Explanations of Psychological Disorders?

A

John B. Watson demonstrated the creation of abnormal behaviors through normal conditioning procedures

*Operant conditioning (reward/ punishment) takes over once the pairing of classical conditioning (stimulus) is removed

*Problematic behaviors are explained in terms of reinforcing the wrong behavior

69
Q

What are the three Classical conditioning applications? (He said we wont be tested, but try know anyways -was question on exam 2 on these)

A

1) To eliminate or replace stimulus-response associations that cause clients problems

2) Systematic desensitization
*Replacing the old association of feared stimulus and response by a new association of stimulus

3) Aversion therapy
*Altering problem behaviors by pairing aversive images with undesirable behaviors

70
Q

What are the two ways we can apply operant conditioning?

A
  1. Therapist identifies the target behavior and defines it in specific operational terms
  2. Biofeedback - Requires special equipment that provides information about somatic processes (type of mind-body technique you use to control some of your body’s functions, such as your heart rate, breathing patterns and muscle responses)

(Also just generally punishing someone, or taking a privilege away)

Personality- Class Notes (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions