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A & P second semester > Chapter 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Which of these parts of the embryonic brain is correctly matched with the structure it becomes in the adult brain?

a. mesencephalon-midbrain
b. metencephalon-medulla oblongata
c. myelencephalon-cerebrum
d. telencephalon-pons and cerebellum

A

a. mesencephalon - midbrain

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2
Q

To separate the brainstem from the rest of the brain, a cut would have to be made between the

a. medulla obl. and pons
b. pons and midbrain
c. midbrain and diencephalon
d. thalamus and cerebrum
e. medulla obl and spinal cord

A

c. midbrain and diencephalon

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3
Q

Important centers for heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, swallowing, coughing, and vomiting are located in the

A

medulla oblongata

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4
Q

In which part of the brain does the decussation of descending tracts involved in the conscious control of skeletal muscle occur?

A

medulla oblongata

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5
Q

The cerebral peduncles are a major descending motor pathway in the

A

midbrain

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6
Q

The superior colliculi are involved in ____, whereas the inferior colliculi are involved in _______.

a. hearing, visual reflexes
b. visual reflex, hearing
c. balance, motor pathways
d. motor pathways, balance
e. respiration, sleep

A

b. visual reflexes, hearing

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7
Q

The cerebellum communication with other regions of the CNS through the

A

cerebellar peduncles

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8
Q

The major relay station for sensory input that projects to the cerebral cortex is the

a. hypothalamus
b. thalamus
c. pons
d. cerebellum
e. midbrain

A

b. thalamus

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9
Q

The part of the diencephalon that directly connected to the pituitary gland is the

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?

a. regulates autonomic nervous system function
b. regulates the release of hormones from the posterior pituitary
c. regulates body temp
d. regulates food intake (hunger) and water intake (thirst)
e. all of these are correct

A

e. all of these are correct

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11
Q

The grooves on the surface of the cerebrum are called the

A

sulci

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12
Q

Which of these areas is located in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex?

a. olfactory cortex
b. visual cortex
c. primary motor cortex
d. primary somatic sensory cortex
e. primary auditory cortex

A

d. primary somatic sensory cortex

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13
Q

Which of the cerebral lobes is important in voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, and mood?

A

frontal

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14
Q

Fibers that connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere are

A

association fibers

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15
Q

The basal nuclei are located in the

a. inferior cerebrum
b. diencephalon
c. midbrain
d. all of these are correct

A

d. all

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16
Q

The most superficial of the meninges is a thick, tough membrane called the

A

dura mater

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17
Q

The ventricles of the brain are interconnected. Which of these ventricles are NOT correctly matched with the structure that connect them?

a. lateral ventricle to the third ventricle - interventricular foramina
b. left lateral ventricle to right ventricle - central canal
c. third ventricle to fourth ventricle - cerebral aqueduct
d. fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space - median and lateral apertures

A

b. left lateral ventricle to right ventricle - central canal

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18
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ______, circulates through the ventricles, and enters the subarachnoid space. The CSF leaves the subarachnoid space through the ______.

a. choroid plexuses, arachnoid granulations
b. arachnoid granulations, choroid plexuses
c. dural venous sinuses, dura mater
d. dura mater, dural venous sinuses

A

a. choroid plexuses, arachnoid granulations

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19
Q

Water soluable molecules of the blood plasma move across the blood brain barries by

a. diffusion
b. endocytosis
c. exocytosis
d. symport
e. filtration

A

d. symport

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20
Q

The cranial nerve involved in chewing food is the

A

trigeminal (V)

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21
Q

The cranial nerve responsible to focusing the eye (innervation the ciliary muscle of the eye) is the

A

oculomotor (III)

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22
Q

The cranial nerve involved in moving the tongue is the

A

hypoglossal (XII)

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23
Q

The cranial nerve involved in feeling a toothache is the

A

trigeminal (V)

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24
Q

Which nerves are SENSORY ONLY?

1) olfactory (I)
2) optic (II)
3) oculomotor (III)
4) abducens (VI)
5) vestibulocochlear (VIII)

A

1, 2, 5

olfactory (I), optic (II), vestibulococchlear (VIII)

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25
Q

Which nerves are involved in taste?

1) trigeminal (V)
2) facial (VII)
3) glossopharngeal (IX)
4) vagus (X)
5) hypoglossal (XII)

A

2, 3, 4

facial (VII), glossopharngeal (IX), vagus (X)

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26
Q

Which nerves are a part of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

1) oculomotor (III)
2) trigeminal (V)
3) facial (VII)
4) vestibulocochlear (VIII)
5) glossopharyngeal (IX)
6) vagus (X)

A

1, 3, 5, 6

oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X)

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27
Q

Components of brainstem

A

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

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28
Q

Function of medulla oblongata

A

pathways for ascending and descending nerve tracts, center for several important reflexes (heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting); pyramids (conscious control of skeletal muscles) and olives (olives involved in balance, coordination, and modulation of sound

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29
Q

Function of pons

A

pathways for ascending and descending nerve tracts; relays information between cerebrum and cerebellum, site of reflex centers; helps control respiratory movements

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30
Q

Function of midbrain (mesencephalon), smallest area of brainstem

A

pathways for ascending and descending nerve tracts, serves as visual reflex center, part of auditory pathway

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31
Q

Which part of the brainstem has 2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi?

A

midbrain

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32
Q

Superior or Inferior Colliculi of brainstem? receive sensory input from visual, auditory, and tactile sensory systems and are involved in reflect movements of the head, eyes, and body toward stimuli (flashing lights, noises)

A

superior colliculi

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33
Q

Superior or Inferior Colliculi of brainstem? involved in hearing and are an integral part of auditory pathways to CNS

A

inferior colliculi

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34
Q

Early Embryo: Prosencephalon (forebrain) develops into what 2 sections as an adult?

A

cerebrum and diencephalon (thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus)

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35
Q

Early Embryo: Mesencephalon develops into what section as an adult?

A

midbrain

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36
Q

Early Embryo: Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) develops into what 3 sections as an adult?

A

pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

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37
Q

A diffuse system composed of several loosely packed nuclei scattered throughout the length of the brainstem; modulates and controls many functions mediated by the brainstem (controlling posture, coordinating rhythmic activities of swallowing, breathing, and heart rate

A

reticular formation

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38
Q

This part of the brain contains more neurons than the cerebral cortex, of which the Purkinje cells are the largest cells in the CNS.

A

cerebellum

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39
Q

The cerebellum has 3 parts, which control balance, gross motor, and fine motor coordination. Which one is NOT one of these parts?

1) flocculonodular lobe
2) reticular formation
3) vermis
4) 2 lateral hemispheres

A

2 reticular formation

1) flocculonodular lobe : small inferior part
2) vermis : narrow central part
3) 2 large lateral hemispheres

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40
Q

Which part of the cerebellum helps control balance and eye movements?

1) flocculonodular lobe : small inferior part
2) vermis : narrow central part
3) 2 large lateral hemispheres

A

1) flocculonodular lobe

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41
Q

Which parts of the cerebellum helps control posture, locomotion, and fine motor coordination?

1) flocculonodular lobe : small inferior part
2) vermis : narrow central part
3) 2 large lateral hemispheres

A

vermis and ledial portion of the lateral hemispheres

42
Q

Which parts of the cerebellum function with the frontal lobe in planning, practicing, and learning complex movements

1) flocculonodular lobe : small inferior part
2) vermis : narrow central part
3) 2 large lateral hemispheres

A

major portions of the lateral hemispheres

43
Q

What part of the brain is between the brainstem and the cerebrum?

A

Diencephalon

44
Q

What are diencephalon’s 4 main components?

A

thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

45
Q

Except for the olfactory neurons, all sensory neurons that go to the cerebrum first synapse is which area of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus

46
Q

Which area of the diencephalon is considered the SENSORY RELAY CENTER of the brain?

A

thalamus

47
Q

1) medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
2) lateral geniculate nucleus
3) ventral posterior nucleus
4) dorsal tier of ventral posterior nucleus
5) ventral anterior and lateral nucleus

Which part of the thalamus allows auditory information to synapse?

A

1) medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus

48
Q

1) medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
2) lateral geniculate nucleus
3) ventral posterior nucleus
4) dorsal tier of ventral posterior nucleus
5) ventral anterior and lateral nucleus

Which part of the thalamus allows visual information to synapse?

A

2) lateral geniculate nucleus

49
Q

1) medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
2) lateral geniculate nucleus
3) ventral posterior nucleus
4) dorsal tier of ventral posterior nucleus
5) ventral anterior and lateral nucleus

Most sensory information synapses in which part of the thalamus?

A

3) ventral posterior nucleus

50
Q

1) medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
2) lateral geniculate nucleus
3) ventral posterior nucleus
4) dorsal tier of ventral posterior nucleus
5) ventral anterior and lateral nucleus

Which part of the thalamus is involved with motor functions?

A

5) ventral anterior and lateral nucleus

51
Q

1) medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
2) lateral geniculate nucleus
3) ventral posterior nucleus
4) dorsal tier of ventral posterior nucleus
5) ventral anterior and lateral nucleus

Which part of the thalamus registers pain?

A

4) dorsal tier of ventral posterior nucleus

52
Q

Which part of the brain influences mood and actions associated with strong emotions, such as fear and rage?

A

thalamus

53
Q

The lateral posterior nuclei and the pulvinar are involved in sensory integration. They are located in which part of the brain?

A

thalamus

54
Q

Which part of the diencephalon is a small area, inferior to the thalamus, associated with basal nuclei, containing several ascending and descending tracts, and is involved in controlling motor functions?

A

subthalamus

55
Q

Which part of the diencephalon is a small area, superior and posterior to the thalamus, consisting of the habenula and the pineal gland?

A

epithalamus

56
Q

Which structure in the epithalamus is influenced by the sense of smell and is involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors?

habenula OR pineal gland

A

habenula

57
Q

Which structure in the epithalamus is involved in the sleep/wake cycle, but is not all the way understood?

habenula OR pineal gland

A

pineal gland

58
Q

Which part of the diencephalon is the most inferior portion, containing mammillary bodies, infundibulum (connectig to the pituitary gland), and is a central controller of the endocrine system? It is said to be a major control center for the ANS?

A

hypothalamus

59
Q

Sensory neurons that end in the hypothalamus provide input from which of the following?

1) internal organs
2) taste receptors of the tongue
3) limbic system (smell)
4) specific cutaneous areas (nipples, external genitalia)
5) eyes
6) prefrontal cortex of the cerebrum carrying info relativeto mood via the thalamus

A

ALL OF THEM

60
Q

Which area of the diencephalon directly controls body temperature by stimulating sweating/shivering, and also functions in thirst, hunger, and sex drive?

A

hypothalamus

61
Q

Folds in the cerebrum are called _____ and the grooves between them are called _______.

A

gyri; sulci

62
Q

Cerebrum: Sulcus extending across the lateral surgace of the cerebrum from superior to inferior, midway along the brain.

A

central sulcus

63
Q

Cerebrum: Anterior to the central sulcus is the precentral gyrus which is the ____ ____ ____.

A

primary motor cortex

64
Q

Cerebrum: Posterior to the central sulcus is the postcentral gyrus, which is the _____ ____ ____ ____.

A

primary somatic sensory cortex

65
Q

4 lobes of cerebrum

A
  1. frontal
  2. perietal
  3. occipital
  4. temporal
66
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum? involved in smell, voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, and mood

A

frontal

67
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum? contain major sensory areas receiving general sensory input, taste, and balance

A

perietal

68
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum? visual centers

A

occipital

69
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum? receives olfactory and auditory input and are involved in memory, abstract thought and judgement

A

temporal

70
Q

Gray matter on the outer surfaces of the cerebrum which contains many neuron types is also called _____ ______.

A

cerebral cortex

71
Q

White matter between the cortex and nuclei that consists of tracts that connect areas of the cerebral cortex to each other or other parts of the CNS is also called _______ _______.

A

cerebral medulla

72
Q

There are 3 main categories of fibers in the cerebral medulla. Which is NOT a category?

1) Capstone fibers
2) Association fibers
3) Commissural fibers
4) Projection fibers

A

1) capstone

73
Q

Which fibers of the cerebral medulla connect 1 cerebral hemisphere to the other?

A

commissural

74
Q

Which fibers of the cerebral medulla connects to cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord?

A

projection

75
Q

Which system plays a central role in basic survival functions, such as memory, reproduction, and nutrition?

A

Limbic

76
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Basal nuclei are important in controlling motor functions.

A

TRUE

77
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Limbic system includes cerebral cortex, basal nuclei (such as amygdala), thalamus, hypothalamus, and olfactory cortex

A

TRUE

78
Q

Most superficial and thickest meninge, consisting of dense, irregular tissue. Consists of Periosteal dura, meningeal dura, and dural folds.

A

Dura mater

79
Q

What part of the Dura mater are touch connective tissue partitions that extend into the major brain fissures? They help hold the brain in place within the skull.

A

Dural folds

80
Q

Which meninge is very thin with cobweb-like layers?

A

arachnoid mater

81
Q

Which meninge layer is bound very tightly to the surface of the brain?

A

pia mater

82
Q

What is the name of the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater and contains weblike strands of arachnoid mater and blood vessels supplying the brain, and is also filled with CSF?

A

subarachnoid space

83
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere contains a relatively large cavity called the ______ _____.

A

lateral ventricle

84
Q

The septa pellucida does what for the lateral ventricles?

A

separates them

85
Q

Which ventricle is smaller, in midline, and is located in the center of the diencephalon between the 2 halves of the thalamus?

A

third ventricle

86
Q

The two lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through two ________ ________.

A

interventricular foramina

87
Q

The third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle through the _____ ______.

A

cerebral aqueduct (passing through the midbrain)

88
Q

Name the clear fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord and provides a protective cushion around the CNS. It provides some nutrients to the CNS tissue and is mostly produced by specialized ependymal cells within the lateral ventricles.

A

CSF cerebrospinal fluid

89
Q

Specialized ependymal cells in the ventricles, their supportive tissue, and associated blood vessels are called the ______ which help create CSF.

1) hematoma
2) ventral arteries
3) choroid plexuses

A

choroid plexuses

90
Q

Flow of CSF

A

1) CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses of each of the 4 ventricles
2) CSF from the lateral vent. flows through interventricular formina to the third vent.
3) CSF flows from the third vent. through cerebral aqueduct to the fourth vent.
4) CSF exits the fourth vent. through the lateral and median apertures and enters the subarachnoid space. Some CSF enters the central canal of the spinal cord.
5) CSF flows through the subarachnoid space to the arachnoid granulations int he superiod agittal sinus, where it enters the venous circulation

91
Q

What do these structures have in common?

1) internal carotid arteries
2) vertebral arteries
3) basilar arteries
3) anterior, middle, posterior cerebral arteries

A

They supply blood to the brain

92
Q

The cerebral arterial circle is also known as __ __ ___.

A

circle of Willis

93
Q

Epithelial cells with tight junctions in the brain produce what?

A

blood-brain barrier

94
Q

Which materials can easily diffuse into the brain?

1) lipid-soluble substances, such as nicotine and ethanol
2) water soluble substances, such as amino acids and glucose

A

1) lipid-soluble substances, such as nicotine and ethanol

2) water soluble substances require specific transporters

95
Q

5 functions of nerves

A

1) sensory
2) somatic motor
3) sensory and somatic motor
4) somatic motor and parasympathetic
5) somatic motor, sensory, and parasympathetic

96
Q

Olfactory (I)
Optic (II)
Vestibulocochlear (VII)

A

Sensory nerves

97
Q

Trochlear (IV)
Adbucens (VI)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)

A

Somatic motor

98
Q

Trigeminal (V)

A

Somatic motor and sensory

99
Q

Oculomotor (III)

A

Somatic motor and parasympathetic

100
Q

Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)

A

Somatic motor, sensory, and parasympathetic

A & P second semester (15 decks)

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