Chapter 13

Question 1

Laws that require all children to attend school until a specified age or until they complete a minimum grade in school.

Answer 1

Mandatory Education Laws

Question 2

Privileges accompanying a social location that help someone in life; included are more highly educated parents, from grade school through high school being pushed to bring home high grasses, and enjoying cultural experiences that translate into higher test scores, better jobs and higher earnings.

Answer 2

Cultural capital

Question 3

The intended beneficial consequences of people’s actions.

Answer 3

Manifest functions

Question 4

Unintended beneficial consequences of people’s actions.

Answer 4

Latent functions

Question 5

The process of transmitting values from one group to another; often refers to how cultural traits are transmitted across generations’ in education, the ways in which schools transmit a society’s culture, especially its core values.

Answer 5

Cultural transmission of values

Question 6

Helping people to become part of the mainstream of society; also called mainstreaming

Answer 6

Inclusion

Question 7

A function of education- funneling people into a society’s various positions

Answer 7

Social placement

Question 8

The use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work.

Answer 8

Credential society

Question 9

The process by which education opens and closes doors of opportunity; another term for the social placement function of education.

Answer 9

Gatekeeping

Question 10

The sorting of students into different education programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities.

Answer 10

Tracking

Question 11

The unwritten goals of schools, such as teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms.

Answer 11

Hidden curriculum

Question 12

Robert Merton’s term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted.

Answer 12

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 13

Higher grades given for the same work; a general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning

Answer 13

Grade inflation

Question 14

Passing students on to the next level even though they have not mastered basic materials

Answer 14

Social promotion

Question 15

Refers to high school graduates who have difficulty with basic reading and math

Answer 15

Functional illiteracy

Question 16

Durkeims term for things set apart or forbidden that inspire fear, awe, reverence, or deep respect.

Answer 16

Sacred

Question 17

Durkeim’s term for common elements of everyday life

Answer 17

Profane

Question 18

According to Durkeim, beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred and unite its adherents into a moral community.

Answer 18

Religion

Question 19

According to Durkeim, one of three essential elements of religion- a moral community of believers; also refers to a large, highly organized religious groups,that has formal, sedate worship services with little emphasis on evangelism, intense religious experience, or personal conversion.

Answer 19

Church

Question 20

Ceremonies or repetitive practices in religion, observances or rites often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred.

Answer 20

Rituals

Question 21

Teachings or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world.

Answer 21

Cosmology

Question 22

A sudden awareness of the super natural or a feeling of coming in contact with God.

Answer 22

Religious experience

Question 23

The transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies.

Answer 23

Modernization

Question 24

Weber’ term for the desire to accumulate capital- not to spend it, but as an end in itself- and to constantly reinvest it.

Answer 24

Spirit of capitalism

Question 25

Weber’ term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by thrift and hard work.

Answer 25

Protestant ethic

Question 26

A new religion with few followers, whose teachings and practices put it at odds with the dominant culture and religion.

Answer 26

Cult

Question 27

Literally, someone to whom God has given a gift; in its extended sense, someone who exerts extraordinary appeal to a group of followers.

Answer 27

Charismatic leader

Question 28

Literally, an extraordinary gift from God; more commonly an outstanding “magnetic” personality

Answer 28

Charisma

Question 29

A religious group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility from and toward society

Answer 29

Sect

Question 30

A religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off; also called a state religion.

Answer 30

Ecclesiastes