Chapter 12: Social Psychology

Question 1

Social Psychology

Answer 1

• examines how people affect one another
• looks at the power of the situation
• uses interpersonal (to another group) and intrapersonal (individual) levels

Question 2

Situationism

Answer 2

behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings

Question 3

Dispositionism

Answer 3

behavior and actions are determined by internal factors

Question 4

Internal Factor

Answer 4

attribute of a person, includes personality traits and temperament

Question 5

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 5

when one overlooks obvious situational influences on behavior

Question 6

What is the difference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures?

Answer 6

• individualistic culture - focuses on individual achievement and autonomy
• collectivistic culture - focuses on communal relationship with others

Question 7

Which group is more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error: those from an individualistic culture, or those from a collectivistic culture?

Answer 7

individualistic culture

Question 8

Actor-Observer Bias

Answer 8

• attribute other people’s behavior to internal factors
• attribute own behavior to situational forces

Question 9

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 9

• successes due to dispositional (internal) characteristics
• failures due to situational (external) factors

Question 10

Just-World Hypothesis

Answer 10

belief that people get the outcomes they deserve

Good people experience positive outcomes, while bad people experience negative outcomes.

Question 11

Social Role

Answer 11

• pattern of behaviors that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
• defined by culturally shared knowledge
• vary across different settings

Question 12

Social Norms

Answer 12

a group’s expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable for its members

Question 13

Script

Answer 13

a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a setting

Question 14

In the Stanford Prison Experiment, how did the guards and the prisoners act at the end of the experiment?

Answer 14

• guards - abused prisoners, behaved sadistically due to anonymity, acted out of bounds despite given guidelines
• prisoners - experienced severe anxiety and hopelessness, tolerated abuse

Question 15

How long was the Stanford Prison Experiment supposed to last? How long did it actually last?

Answer 15

• 2 weeks
• 6 days

Question 16

Attitude

Answer 16

one’s evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object

can be favorable or unfavorable, positive or negative

Question 17

What are the three components of attitude?

Answer 17

1. affective component - feelings
2. behavioral component - the effect of the attitude on behavior
3. cognitive component - belief and knowledge

Question 18

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 18

psychological discomfort (dissonance) arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions (thoughts, beliefs, or opinions)

e.g. Joaquin in the military. He is miserable due to the constant training in boot camp, but he signed the contract to stay for four years. Over the next few years, he can change his mind for the positive, thus spawning multiple contrasting behaviors towards boot camp.

Question 19

Persuasion

Answer 19

• the process of changing our attitude towards something
• based on a kind of communication, usually from external forces

Question 20

Asch Effect

Answer 20

the influence of the group on an individual’s judgement

Question 21

Conformity

Answer 21

change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if the person does not agree with the group

Question 22

What are the two types of social influence?

Reasons for people to conform in a group.

Answer 22

• Normative - people conform to the group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group
• Informational - people conform because they believe that the group is competent and has correct information, especially when the task or situation is ambiguous

Question 23

Obedience

Answer 23

the change of an individual’s behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure

Question 24

Prejudice

Answer 24

negative attitude towards an individual based solely on one’s membership of a particular social group

Question 25

Streotype

Answer 25

**specific belief or assumption** about an individual based **solely** on their membership of a particular social group

Question 26

Discrimination

Answer 26

**a negative action** towards an individual **as a result** of one's membership in a particular group ## Footnote * a form of oppression * combination of prejudice and stereotype

Question 27

Racism

Answer 27

prejudice and descrimination against an individual based solely on one's membership in a **specific racial group**

Question 28

Aggression

Answer 28

causing harm or pain to another person ## Footnote Men are more likely to show aggression than females. Aggression is learned.

Question 29

What are the two types of aggression depending on the motive?

Answer 29

* **Hostile** - motivated by *feelings or anger* with the *intent to cause pain* * **Instrumental** - motivated by *achieving a goal*

Question 30

Cyberbullying

Answer 30

**online**, *repeated behavior* that is intended to cause **psychological or emotional harm** to another person

Question 31

Bystander Effect

Answer 31

phenomenon in which a **witness or bystander does not volunteer to help** a victim or person in distress, **only watch**

Question 32

Altruism

Answer 32

people's **desire to help others**, even when the **costs outweigh the benefits of helping**

Question 33

Homophily

Answer 33

tendency of people to **form social networks**, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and other types of relationships

Question 34

Reciprocity

Answer 34

**give and take** relationships

Question 35

Triangular Theory of Love

Answer 35

1. **Consummate (True) Love** - intimacy, passsion, commitment 2. **Liking** - intimacy 3. **Companionate Love** - intimacy, commitment 4. **Empty Love** - commitment 5. **Fatuous Love** - passion, commitment 6. **Infatuation** - passion 7. **Romantic Love** - passion, intimacy | Middle, then top going clockwise.

Question 36

Social Exchange Theory

Answer 36

people maximize the benefits (positives) or social relationships and minimize the costs (negatives)