Chapter 8: Memory (Exam 2)

Question 1

What are the three stages of memory storage?

Answer 1

1. Encoding - input of information to the memory system
2. Storage - creation of the permanent record of information
3. Retrieval - getting memory back on the conscious level (from the unconscious level)

Question 2

What are ways to encode information?

Answer 2

• automatic - recall information easily
• effortful processing - more work to be able to recall

Question 3

What are two types of encoding?

Answer 3

• visual encoding - encoding images
• acoustic encoding - encoding sounds (words)

Question 4

What are the three stages of storing information?

Answer 4

1. Sensory Memory - brief sensory events
2. Short Term Memory - connects sensory to long term memory
3. Long Term Memory - unlimited storage

Question 5

What are four different types of long term memory?

Answer 5

• episodic - events personally experienced
• semantic - knowledge of words and language
• implicit - learned outside of awareness, repressed
• procedural - studied using observable behaviors, perform actions or skills

Question 6

What are three different ways to retrieve memory?

Answer 6

• recall - identifying information without cues
• recognition - identifying information that you previously learned
• relearning - learning information previously learned

Question 7

What parts of the brain are involved in memory? What are their functions?

Answer 7

• Engram - group of neurons, physical representation of memory
• Amygdala - fear and fear memories
• Hippocampus - declarative, episodic, and recognition memories
• Cerebellum - procedural memories

Question 8

Amnesia

Answer 8

long-term memory loss due to disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

Question 9

What are two types of amnesia?

Answer 9

• Anterogade Amnesia - loss of new (episodic) memories, remember events prior to trauma (procedural memory)
• Retrogade Amnesia - do not remember events prior to trauma

Each type can only form one form of memory, not both.

Question 10

Encoding Failure

Answer 10

memory loss happens before the actual memory process begins

effortful encoding - in order to remember something, pay attention to the details and actively work to process the information

Question 11

What are two types of memory errors?

Answer 11

• Absentmindedness - lapses in memory caused by breaks in attention or focus
• Blocking - “tip of the tongue” phenomenon, access to information is temporarily blocked

Question 11

What are the two types of interferences?

Answer 11

• Proactive Interference - old information hinders the recall of new information
• Retroactive Interference - new information hinders the recall of old information

Question 12

What are four memory enhancing strategies?

Answer 12

• Rehearsal - conscious repetition of information to be remembered
• Chunking - organize information into manageable bits or chunks
• Elaborative Rehearsal - relate meanings of new information to knowledge already stored in memory
• Mnemonic Devices - memory aids that help organize information for encoding (e.g. steps, stages)