Chapter 9: Lifespan Development (Exam 2) Flashcards
Physical Development
involves growth and changes in the body and the brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
Cognitive Development
involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
Psychosocial Development
emotions, personality, and social relationships
Normative Approach
determine a “normal” - psychologists compare children of the same age and determine their differences based on normative events that occur
What are examples of developmental milestones? At what ages do these typically occur?
- crawling at 7-10 months
- walking at 10-18 months
- potty-trained at 2-3 years
Continuity
cumulative, gradually improving process
Discontinuity
occurs at specific times or ages, resulting in sudden change
Object Permanence
ability to know that an object exists even when the baby cannot see or hear it
Nature
biology and genetics - why children act like their biological parents
Nurture
environment and culture - personal experiences influence whether or how we interact with our environment
What idea is Erikson’s psychosocial development based on?
- social over sexual development
- personality development happens across a lifespan
What is the age range of each stage of psychosocial development?
- Trust vs. Mistrust - infancy, birth to 12 months
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - toddler, 1-3
- Initiative vs. Guilt - preschool, 3-6
- Industry vs. Inferiority - elementary, 7-11
- Identity vs. Role Confusion - adolescence, 12-18
- Intimacy vs. Isolation - early adulthood, 20s-early 40s
- Generativity vs. Stagnation - middle adulthood, 40s-mid 60s
- Integrity vs. Dispair - late adulthood, mid 60s- end of life
What is the conflict experienced in each stage of psychosocial development?
- Trust vs. Mistrust - develop trust when needs are met
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - explore the world and gain independence
- Initiative vs. Guilt - achieve goals based on social interactions
- Industry vs. Inferiority - compare themselves and their accomplishments to those of their peers
- Identity vs. Role Confusion - develop a sense of self or conform to parents’ values
- Intimacy vs. Isolation - develop a strong sense of self to prepare to share life with another
- Generativity vs. Stagnation - contribute to the development of others, or have no connection and little interest in productivity
- Integrity vs. Dispair - reflect to determine satisfaction in their life
What idea is Piaget’s cognitive development based on?
- cognitive abilities develop through specific stages (discontinuity approach)
- children are naturally inquisitive but cannot think and reason like adults
What is the age range of each stage of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor - 0-2 years
- Preoperational - 2-6 years
- Concrete Operational - 7-11 years
- Formal Operational - 12-adulthood
What is the developmental issue at each stage of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor - object permanence, stranger anxiety
- Preoperational - pretend play
- Concrete Operational - conservation, math
- Formal Operational - abstract logic
What are the stages of prenatal development?
- Germinal Stage (Weeks 1-2)
- Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3-8)
- Fetal Stage (Weeks 9-40)
What occurs during the germinal stage?
- Conception - sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote
- Zygote - one-cell structure created after the sperm and egg merger
- Mitosis - cell division, zygote divides into multiple cells
What occurs during the embryonic stage?
- in 7-10 days, divides into 150 cells
- down the fallopian tube, lines the uterus
- formation of the embryo
- placenta connects embryo and uterus (provides nutrients and oxygen to baby)
- formation of head, chest, and abdomen
What occurs during the fetal stage?
- at 9 weeks, embryo is called a fetus
- formation of lungs, heart, stomach, intestines
- visible fingerprints
- at 40 weeks, fetus can be delivered
What are two physical reflexes that infants develop?
- sucking reflex - automatic sucking motions with an infant’s mouth
- moro reflex - newborn’s response to the sensation of falling
Motor Skill
ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects
What are two types of motor skills?
- gross motor skills - large muscles groups involved in movement
- fine motor skills - smaller muscles (e.g. fingers, toes, eyes)
How does cognition develop during childhood?
- pre-school age (3-5 years) - ask “why?” questions
- middle-late childhood (6-11 years) - thought processes become more logical and organized
How do biological females physically develop in adolesence?
- growth spurt at 8-13 years
- menarche - beginning of menstrual period at 12-13 years
How do biological males physically develop in adolesence?
- growth spurt at 10-16 years
- spermarche - first ejaculation at 13-14 years
Cognitive Empathy
the ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others
As teenagers, how does their type of thinking change?
concrete thinking -> abstract thinking
How do adolescents develop emotionally?
- develop identity
- pull away from parents and focus on their peers
How do emerging adults (18-mid 20s) develop emotionally?
- enter new roles
- explore their career options
What are the different types of cognitive development that occurs in adulthood?
- Crystalized Intelligence - information, skills, and strategies that hold steady as people age
- Fluid Intelligence - decline in information processing abilities, reasoning, and memory
- Practical Intelligence - street smarts
How do adults develop emotionally?
- early and middle adulthood - find meaning in their life through work
- late adulthood - generativity vs. stagnation (Erikson’s pyschosocial development)
Hospice Care
- provides a dignified death and pain management
- in a humane and comfortable environment, typically outside a hospital setting
What are the five stages of grief?
- Denial (grieving) - reluctant to accept a loved one is gone
- Anger (grieving) - reluctant to continue life without a loved one
- Bargaining - negotiating
- Depression - lasts 2-6 months following a death
- Acceptance - accepts loved one is gone and ready to move on
Living Will, or Advance Directive
- written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants
- can include a health care proxy
- someone who makes medical decisions for them
Do Not Resuscitate (DNR)
states that medical personnel are not to revive a person
