Chapter 7: Thinking & Intelligence (Exam 2)

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

(rational) thinking, complex processes

Question 2

Concepts

Answer 2

informed by semantic memory; a type of long-term memory

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

byproduct of concepts

Question 4

What are the two categories of concepts? How are they created?

Answer 4

• Natural Concepts - created naturally through experiences, developed from direct or indirect experiences and observations
• Artificial Concepts - created by a specific set of characteristics

Question 5

What is the relationship between artificial and natural concepts?

Answer 5

artifical concepts are based on and expand upon natural concepts

Question 6

Schema

Answer 6

• mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
• organizes information
• ideas become hard to change or modify

Question 7

What are the two types of schema?

Answer 7

• Role Schema - make assumptions about how individuals in certain roles behave
• Event Schema - cognitive script; behaviors are routine-like

Question 8

Language

Answer 8

a communication system that involves words and systematic rules to organize words to transmit inforrmation from one individual to another

Question 9

What are the six components of language?

Answer 9

1. Lexicon - words of a given language
2. Grammar - set of rules used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon
3. Phoneme - basic units of a given language (sounds)
4. Morpheme - combination of phonemes
5. Semantics - process which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
6. Syntax - refers to the way words are organized into sentences

Question 10

Reflexive Communication

Answer 10

innate behaviors and gestures

Question 11

Intentional Communication

Answer 11

words and language

Question 12

What is the age range of each stage of language and communication development?

Answer 12

1. 0-3 months
2. 3-8 months
3. 8-13 months
4. 12-18 months
5. 18-24 months
6. 2-3 years
7. 3-5 years

Question 13

What are the seven stages of language and communication development?

Answer 13

1. 0-3 months: reflexive communication (babble, single syllables repeated)
2. 3-8 months: reflexive communication, interest in others
3. 8-13 months: intentional communication, socialbility (variety in syllables)
4. 12-18 months: first words
5. 18-24 months: simple sentences of two words
6. 2-3 years: sentences of three or more words
7. 3-5 years: complex sentences, has conversations

Question 14

What did psychologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf claim?

Answer 14

• language determines thought
• people are born without language, their conscious and subconscious determine a framework that constructs language
• one’s language influences their mind and their view of the world