Chapter 12 - Personality Flashcards
personality
The biologically and environmentally determined characteristics within a person that accounts for distinctive and relatively enduring pattern of thinking, feeling, and act
psychic energy
Generated by instinctual drives, this energy powers the mind and constantly presses for either direct or indirect release
id
The primitive and unconscious part of the personality that contains the instincts
ego
The executive of the personality that was partly conscious and that mediates between the impulses of the id, the prohibitions of the superego, and the dictations of reality
pleasure principle
The drive for instant need gratification that is characteristic of the id
superego
The moral arm of the personality that internalizes the standards and values of society and serves as the person’s conscience
sublimination
defense mechanism
- a repressed impulse is released in the form of a socially acceptable or even admired behaiour
defense mechanisms
Unconscious processes by which the ego prevents the expression of anxiety arousing impulses or allows them to appear in disguised form
reality principle
The egos tendency to take reality into account and act in rational fashion to satisfy it’s needs
repression
The basic defense mechanism not actively keeps anxiety arousing material in the unconscious
analytic psychology
Jungs expansion of Freud’s notion of the unconscious; don’t believe that humans possess not only a personal unconscious based on their life experiences, but also a collective unconscious that consists of memories accumulated throughout the entire history of the human race
archetypes
Innate concepts and memories that reside in the collective unconscious *Jung
object relations
The images and mental representation that form of themselves and other people as a result of early experience caregivers
self
In Rogers theory, and organize, consistent set of perceptions and believes about oneself
self-consistency
An absence of conflict among self perception
congruence
Consistency between self-perceptions and experience
threat
Any experience we have that is inconsistent with our self-concept, including our perception of our own behaviour
need for positive regard
An innate need for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others
unconditional positive regard
communicates that someone is inherently worth love
*conditional positive regard - conditional dependent on how child behaves
need for self-regard
Positive regard from self
conditions of worth
Internalize standards of self-worth fostered by conditional positive regard from others
fully functioning persons
Rogers theory for self actualized people who are free from unrealistic conditions of work and who exhibit congruence, spontaneity, creativity, and the desire to develop still further
self-esteem
How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves
self-verification
The tendency to try to verify or validate one’s existing self-concept that is, to satisfy congruence needs
self-enhancement
Process whereby one enhances positive self regard
gender schemas
Organized mental structures that contain our understanding of the attributes and behaviors that are appropriate as expected for males and females
self-monitoring
A personality trait that reflects peoples tendencies to regulate their social behavior in accordance with situational cues as opposed to internal values, attitudes, and needs
social cognitive theory
- Cognitive behavioral approach to personality
- Developed by Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel
- Emphasizes the role of social learning, cognitive processes, and self-regulation
reciprocal determinism
Bandura’s model of two-way casual relations between people, behavior, and the environment
internal-external locus of control
Roger’s generalized expectancy that one’s outcomes are under personal vs. external control
self-efficiacy
The conviction that we can perform the behaviors necessary to produce a desired outcome
behavioral assesment
Explicit coding system devised by psychologists that contains the behavioral categories of interest
remote behavior sampling
Researchers and clinicians collect samples of behavior from respondents as they live their daily lives
rational approach
An approach to test construction in which test items are made up on the basis of theorists conception of a construct
empirical approach
An approach to test construction in which items are chosen that differentiate between two groups that are known to differ on a particular personality variable
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
A widely used personality test’s items were developed using the empirical approach and by comparing various kinds of psychiatric patients with normal patients
projective tests
Tests, such as the Rorschach and the TAT, That present ambiguous stimuli to the subject; the responses are seem to be based on a projection of internal characteristics of the person onto the stimuli
factor analysis
A statistical technique that permit the a researcher to reduce a large number of measures to small number of clusters of factors; it identifies clusters of behavior or test scores that are highly correlated with one another
