Chapter 11 - Development over the life span

Question 1

critical period

Answer 1

A time in which exposure to particular kinds of stimulation is required for normal development to occur

Question 2

sensitive period

Answer 2

An optimal age range for certain experiences, but if those experiences occur at another time, normal development will still be possible

Question 3

cross-sectional design

Answer 3

A research design that simultaneously compares people of different ages In a particular point in time

Question 4

longitudinal design

Answer 4

Research that repeatedly tests the same cohort as it grows older

Question 5

embryo

Answer 5

Scientific term for the prenatal organism during the second week through the eighth week after conception

Question 6

fetus

Answer 6

The scientific term for the prenatal organism from the ninth week after conception until birth

Question 7

teratogens

Answer 7

Environmental and nongenetic agents that cause abnormal prenatal development

Question 8

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 8

A severe group of abnormalities that result from prenatal exposure to alcohol

Question 9

maturation

Answer 9

A genetically programmed, biological process that governs our growth

Question 10

cephalocaudal principle

Answer 10

The tendency for physical development to proceed in the head to foot direct

Question 11

proximodistal principle

Answer 11

The principle that physical development begins along the innermost parts of the body and continues towards the outer most parts

Question 12

reflexes

Answer 12

Automatic, inborn behaviors triggered by specific stimuli

Question 13

schemas

Answer 13

A mental framework and organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as a class of people, events, situations, or objects

Question 14

accomodation

Answer 14

The process by which new experiences cause existing schemas to change

Question 15

assimilation

Answer 15

In cognitive development, the process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas

Question 16

sensorimotor stage

Answer 16

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development in which children understand the world primarily through sensory experience and physical (motor) interactions with object

Question 17

object permanence

Answer 17

The recognition that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer Be seen

Question 18

preoperational stage

Answer 18

In Piaget’s model a stage of cognitive development in which children represent the world symbolically through words and mental images, but do not yet understand basic mental operations or rules

Question 19

conservation

Answer 19

The principle that basic properties of objects, such as their mass or quantity, stay the same or are conserved even though their outward appearance may change

Question 20

egocentrism

Answer 20

Difficulty viewing the world from someone else’s perspective

Question 21

concrete operational stage

Answer 21

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children can perform basic mental operations concerning problems that involve tangible and concrete objects and situations

Question 22

formal operational stage

Answer 22

In Piaget’s theory,. In which individuals are able to think logically and systematically about both concrete and abstract problems, form hypotheses, and test them in a thoughtful way

Question 23

zone of proximital development

Answer 23

The difference between what a child can do independently, and what the child can do with assistance from adults or more advanced

Question 24

preconventional moral reasoning

Answer 24

Stage at which moral judgments are based on anticipated punishments or rewards

Question 25

conventional moral reasoning

Answer 25

Moral judgments that are based on conformity to social expectations, laws, and duties

Question 26

postconventional moral reasoning

Answer 26

Moral judgments are based on the system of internalized, well thought out moral principles

Question 27

psychosocial stages

Answer 27

A sequence of a developmental stages proposed by Erickson, into which involves a different crises or conflict over how we view ourselves

Question 28

temperament

Answer 28

A biologically-based general style of reacting emotionally and behaviorally to the environment

Question 29

imprinting

Answer 29

In some species, a sudden, biologically prime form of attachment

Question 30

attatchement

Answer 30

The strong emotional bond that develops between children and their primary caregivers

Question 31

stranger anxiety

Answer 31

Distress over contact with strangers that typically develops in the first year of infancy and dissipates in the second year

Question 32

separation anxiety

Answer 32

Distress experienced by infants when they are separated by a primary caregiver, peeking around age 12 to 16 months

Question 33

strange situation test (sst)

Answer 33

A standard procedure for examining infant attachment where the infant, typically a 12 to 18 month old, first place with toys in the mother's presence been a stranger enters the room interacts with the child. Soon them but other leaves the child with a stranger. Later the stranger leaves and the child alone. Finally, the mother returns

Question 34

authoritative parents

Answer 34

Caregivers who are controlling, but warm; they establish and enforce clear rules within a caring, supportive atmosphere

Question 35

authoritarian parents

Answer 35

Caregiver to exert control over the children, but do so within a cold, unresponsive, or rejecting relationship

Question 36

indulgent parents

Answer 36

Caregivers who have a warm and caring relationship with their children, but do not provide much guidance and discipline

Question 37

neglectful parents

Answer 37

Caregivers to provide neither warm, nor rules, nor guidance

Question 38

gender identity

Answer 38

The sense of femaleness or maleness that is an integral part of our identity

Question 39

gender constancy

Answer 39

The understanding that being male or female is a permanent part of a person

Question 40

sex-role sterotypes

Answer 40

Beliefs about the types of characteristics and behaviors that are appropriate for boys versus for girls

Question 41

socialization

Answer 41

The process by which we acquire the beliefs, values, and behaviours of a group

Question 42

puberty

Answer 42

A period of rapid maturation and which one becomes capable sexual reproduction

Question 43

adolescent egocentrism

Answer 43

Highly self focused thinking, particularly in the earlier teenage years

Question 44

post-formal thought

Answer 44

The ability to reason logically about opposing points of view and to accept contradictions and ireconcilable differences

Question 45

theory of mind

Answer 45

Believes about the mind and ability to understand other people's mental state

Question 46

zygote

Answer 46

The fertilized egg

Question 47

social clock

Answer 47

A set of cultural norms concerning the optimal a drink for work, marriage, parenthood, and other major life experiences to occur