Chapter 11 - Development over the life span Flashcards
critical period
A time in which exposure to particular kinds of stimulation is required for normal development to occur
sensitive period
An optimal age range for certain experiences, but if those experiences occur at another time, normal development will still be possible
cross-sectional design
A research design that simultaneously compares people of different ages In a particular point in time
longitudinal design
Research that repeatedly tests the same cohort as it grows older
embryo
Scientific term for the prenatal organism during the second week through the eighth week after conception
fetus
The scientific term for the prenatal organism from the ninth week after conception until birth
teratogens
Environmental and nongenetic agents that cause abnormal prenatal development
fetal alcohol syndrome
A severe group of abnormalities that result from prenatal exposure to alcohol
maturation
A genetically programmed, biological process that governs our growth
cephalocaudal principle
The tendency for physical development to proceed in the head to foot direct
proximodistal principle
The principle that physical development begins along the innermost parts of the body and continues towards the outer most parts
reflexes
Automatic, inborn behaviors triggered by specific stimuli
schemas
A mental framework and organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as a class of people, events, situations, or objects
accomodation
The process by which new experiences cause existing schemas to change
assimilation
In cognitive development, the process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas
sensorimotor stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development in which children understand the world primarily through sensory experience and physical (motor) interactions with object
object permanence
The recognition that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer Be seen
preoperational stage
In Piaget’s model a stage of cognitive development in which children represent the world symbolically through words and mental images, but do not yet understand basic mental operations or rules
conservation
The principle that basic properties of objects, such as their mass or quantity, stay the same or are conserved even though their outward appearance may change
egocentrism
Difficulty viewing the world from someone else’s perspective
concrete operational stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children can perform basic mental operations concerning problems that involve tangible and concrete objects and situations
formal operational stage
In Piaget’s theory,. In which individuals are able to think logically and systematically about both concrete and abstract problems, form hypotheses, and test them in a thoughtful way
zone of proximital development
The difference between what a child can do independently, and what the child can do with assistance from adults or more advanced
preconventional moral reasoning
Stage at which moral judgments are based on anticipated punishments or rewards
conventional moral reasoning
Moral judgments that are based on conformity to social expectations, laws, and duties
postconventional moral reasoning
Moral judgments are based on the system of internalized, well thought out moral principles
psychosocial stages
A sequence of a developmental stages proposed by Erickson, into which involves a different crises or conflict over how we view ourselves
temperament
A biologically-based general style of reacting emotionally and behaviorally to the environment
imprinting
In some species, a sudden, biologically prime form of attachment
attatchement
The strong emotional bond that develops between children and their primary caregivers
stranger anxiety
Distress over contact with strangers that typically develops in the first year of infancy and dissipates in the second year
separation anxiety
Distress experienced by infants when they are separated by a primary caregiver, peeking around age 12 to 16 months
strange situation test (sst)
A standard procedure for examining infant attachment where the infant, typically a 12 to 18 month old, first place with toys in the mother’s presence been a stranger enters the room interacts with the child. Soon them but other leaves the child with a stranger. Later the stranger leaves and the child alone. Finally, the mother returns
authoritative parents
Caregivers who are controlling, but warm; they establish and enforce clear rules within a caring, supportive atmosphere
authoritarian parents
Caregiver to exert control over the children, but do so within a cold, unresponsive, or rejecting relationship
indulgent parents
Caregivers who have a warm and caring relationship with their children, but do not provide much guidance and discipline
neglectful parents
Caregivers to provide neither warm, nor rules, nor guidance
gender identity
The sense of femaleness or maleness that is an integral part of our identity
gender constancy
The understanding that being male or female is a permanent part of a person
sex-role sterotypes
Beliefs about the types of characteristics and behaviors that are appropriate for boys versus for girls
socialization
The process by which we acquire the beliefs, values, and behaviours of a group
puberty
A period of rapid maturation and which one becomes capable sexual reproduction
adolescent egocentrism
Highly self focused thinking, particularly in the earlier teenage years
post-formal thought
The ability to reason logically about opposing points of view and to accept contradictions and ireconcilable differences
theory of mind
Believes about the mind and ability to understand other people’s mental state
zygote
The fertilized egg
social clock
A set of cultural norms concerning the optimal a drink for work, marriage, parenthood, and other major life experiences to occur
