Chapter 10 - Motivation & Emotion Flashcards
motivation
A process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior
instinct
An inherited characteristic, common to all members of the species, that automatically produces a particular response when the organism is exposed to particular stimulus
homeostasis
The maintenance of biological equilibrium, or balance, within the body
drive theory
the theory that physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce states of internal tension (called drives) that motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension
incentive
An environmental stimulus or condition that motivates behavior
expectancy x value theory
a cognitive theory that goal-directed behaviour is jointly influenced by 1) the person’s expectancy that a particular behaciour will contribute to reaching the goal and 2) how positively or negatively the person values the goal
extrinsic motivation
Motivation to perform a behavior to obtain external rewards and reinforcers, such as money, status, attention, and praise
intrinsic motivation
The motivation to perform a behavior simply because one finds it interesting or an enjoyable for its own sake
need hierarchy
Maslow’s view that human needs are arranged in a progression, beginning with deficiency needs and then reaching growth needs
self-actualization
In humanistic theories, and inborn tendency to strive towards the realization of one’s full potential
metabolism
The rate of energy expenditure by the body
glucose
A simple sugar that is the bodies (and especially the brain’s) major source of immediate usable fuel
CCK (cholecystokinin)
a peptide that appears to decrease eating and thereby helps regulate food intake
leptin
A hormone secreted by fat cells that decreases general appetite
paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
A cluster of neurons in the hippocampus packed with receptor sites for transmitters that stimulate or reduce appetite
sexual response cycle
A physiological response to sexual stimulation that involve stages of excitement, plateau, orgasms, and resolution
sexual orientation
A person’s emotional and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex
job enrichment
And approach to increasing employees’ intrinsic motivation by making their jobs more fulfilling and providing them with opportunities for growth
management by objectives (mbo)
An approach to increasing employees’ motivation by combining goal-setting with employee participation and feedback
approach-approach conflict
a conflict in which an individual is simultaneously attracted to two incompatible positive goals
approach-avoidance conflict
a conflict in which an individual is simultaneously attracted to and repelled by the same goal
avoidance-avoidance conflict
a conflict in which an individual must choose between two alternatives, both of which she or he wishes to avoid
delay discounting
the decrease in value of a future incentive as a function of its distance in time
emotions
a pattern of cognitive, physiological, and behavioural responses to situations
cognitive appraisal
the process of making judgments about situations, personal capabilities, likely consequences, and the personal meaning of consequence
polygraph
A research and clinical instrument that measures a wide array of physiological responses
expressive behaviours
Observable behavioral indications of subjectively experienced emotions
empathy
the capacity for experiencing the same emotional response being exhibited by another person
fundamental emotional patterns
Basic emotional response patterns that are believed to be innate
display rules
culturally influenced standards for the circumstances and manner in which specific emotions are expressed
instrumental behaviours
Emotional coping behaviors that are directed at achieving the goal of performing the task that is relevant to the emotion
somatic theory of emotions
A modern emotion Siri inspired by the James Lange theory that emphasizes the casual role of bodily responses in the experiencing of emotion
facial feedback hypothesis
The notion that somatic feedback from facial muscles provides feedback to the brain and influences emotional experience
vascular theory of emotional feedback
The version of the facial feedback hypothesis that attributes facial muscle effects to the warming or cooling of blood that is entering the brain
two-factor theory of emotion
Schachter’s Theory that the intensity of physiological arousal determines perceived intensity of emotion, whereas the appraisal of environmental cues tells us which emotion we are experiencing
need for achievement
The desire to accomplish tasks and attain standards of excellence
