Chapter 10 - Motivation & Emotion

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

A process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior

Question 2

instinct

Answer 2

An inherited characteristic, common to all members of the species, that automatically produces a particular response when the organism is exposed to particular stimulus

Question 3

homeostasis

Answer 3

The maintenance of biological equilibrium, or balance, within the body

Question 4

drive theory

Answer 4

the theory that physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce states of internal tension (called drives) that motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension

Question 5

incentive

Answer 5

An environmental stimulus or condition that motivates behavior

Question 6

expectancy x value theory

Answer 6

a cognitive theory that goal-directed behaviour is jointly influenced by 1) the person’s expectancy that a particular behaciour will contribute to reaching the goal and 2) how positively or negatively the person values the goal

Question 7

extrinsic motivation

Answer 7

Motivation to perform a behavior to obtain external rewards and reinforcers, such as money, status, attention, and praise

Question 8

intrinsic motivation

Answer 8

The motivation to perform a behavior simply because one finds it interesting or an enjoyable for its own sake

Question 9

need hierarchy

Answer 9

Maslow’s view that human needs are arranged in a progression, beginning with deficiency needs and then reaching growth needs

Question 10

self-actualization

Answer 10

In humanistic theories, and inborn tendency to strive towards the realization of one’s full potential

Question 11

metabolism

Answer 11

The rate of energy expenditure by the body

Question 12

glucose

Answer 12

A simple sugar that is the bodies (and especially the brain’s) major source of immediate usable fuel

Question 13

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Answer 13

a peptide that appears to decrease eating and thereby helps regulate food intake

Question 14

leptin

Answer 14

A hormone secreted by fat cells that decreases general appetite

Question 15

paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

Answer 15

A cluster of neurons in the hippocampus packed with receptor sites for transmitters that stimulate or reduce appetite

Question 16

sexual response cycle

Answer 16

A physiological response to sexual stimulation that involve stages of excitement, plateau, orgasms, and resolution

Question 17

sexual orientation

Answer 17

A person’s emotional and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex

Question 18

job enrichment

Answer 18

And approach to increasing employees’ intrinsic motivation by making their jobs more fulfilling and providing them with opportunities for growth

Question 19

management by objectives (mbo)

Answer 19

An approach to increasing employees’ motivation by combining goal-setting with employee participation and feedback

Question 20

approach-approach conflict

Answer 20

a conflict in which an individual is simultaneously attracted to two incompatible positive goals

Question 21

approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 21

a conflict in which an individual is simultaneously attracted to and repelled by the same goal

Question 22

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Answer 22

a conflict in which an individual must choose between two alternatives, both of which she or he wishes to avoid

Question 23

delay discounting

Answer 23

the decrease in value of a future incentive as a function of its distance in time

Question 24

emotions

Answer 24

a pattern of cognitive, physiological, and behavioural responses to situations

Question 25

cognitive appraisal

Answer 25

the process of making judgments about situations, personal capabilities, likely consequences, and the personal meaning of consequence

Question 26

polygraph

Answer 26

A research and clinical instrument that measures a wide array of physiological responses

Question 27

expressive behaviours

Answer 27

Observable behavioral indications of subjectively experienced emotions

Question 28

empathy

Answer 28

the capacity for experiencing the same emotional response being exhibited by another person

Question 29

fundamental emotional patterns

Answer 29

Basic emotional response patterns that are believed to be innate

Question 30

display rules

Answer 30

culturally influenced standards for the circumstances and manner in which specific emotions are expressed

Question 31

instrumental behaviours

Answer 31

Emotional coping behaviors that are directed at achieving the goal of performing the task that is relevant to the emotion

Question 32

somatic theory of emotions

Answer 32

A modern emotion Siri inspired by the James Lange theory that emphasizes the casual role of bodily responses in the experiencing of emotion

Question 33

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 33

The notion that somatic feedback from facial muscles provides feedback to the brain and influences emotional experience

Question 34

vascular theory of emotional feedback

Answer 34

The version of the facial feedback hypothesis that attributes facial muscle effects to the warming or cooling of blood that is entering the brain

Question 35

two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 35

Schachter’s Theory that the intensity of physiological arousal determines perceived intensity of emotion, whereas the appraisal of environmental cues tells us which emotion we are experiencing

Question 36

need for achievement

Answer 36

The desire to accomplish tasks and attain standards of excellence