Chapter 11- Extra's and theories

Question 1

Four issues guide developmental research

Answer 1

nature vs nurture - is development product of heredity (nature) or environment (nurture)?

2) critical vs. sensitive periods - are some experiences particularly important in certain age ranges?
3) continuity vs discontinuity - is development continuous and gradual, or discontinuous in distinct stages?
4) stability vs change - do our characteristics remain consistent as we age?

Question 2

5 different developmental functions

Answer 2

1) no change
2) continuous change (continuity)
3) stages (discontinuity)
4) inverted U-Shaped - ability that emerges after birth, peaks, and disappears with age
5) u-shaped function - ability that is present early in life, disappears temporarily, and re-emerges later

Question 3

Piaget 4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 3

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 4

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 4

(birth to 2)

• infant understands world through sensory and motor experiences
• achieves object permanence
• emergence of symbolic thought

Question 5

Preoperational stage

Answer 5

(2-7)

• symbolic thinking; child uses words and images to represent objects and experiences
• thinking displays egocentirsm, irraversibility, and centration

Question 6

concrete operational stage

Answer 6

(7-12)

• Child can think logically about concrete events
• grasps concepts of conservation

Question 7

formal operational stage

Answer 7

(12 on)

• adolescent can think more logically, abstractly, and flexibly
• can for hypotheses and test them systematically

Question 8

Erikson’s psychosocial stages

Answer 8

1) basic trust vs basic mistrust (1st year)
2) autonomy vs. shame and doubt(1-2)
3) initiative vs guilt (3-5)
4) industry versus inferiority (6-12)