Chapter 10 - Extras and Theories

Question 1

Instinct Theory

Answer 1

• supported by evolutionary psychology
• the learning of species-specific behaviour motivates organisms to do whatever is necessary to ensure their survival
• adaptive significance of behaviour

Question 2

Incentive Theory

Answer 2

• Positive or negative environmental stimulus motivate behaviour toward a goal

Question 3

Psychodynamic Theories of motivation

Answer 3

• stimulated by Freud

- along with conscious mental processes, unconscious motives & tensions guide how we act and feel

Question 4

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs (low to high)

Answer 4

Deficiency needs:
1. psychological
2. safety
3. belonging & love
4. esteem
Growth needs:
5. cognitive
6. aesthetic
7. self-actualization

Question 5

Process of Homeostasis

Answer 5

sensors - detects bodily changes
control centre - has ‘set point’ and activates r.s
response system - restores body to equilibrium
internal state - restored and sensed

Question 6

set point theory

Answer 6

claims that each person has a preset natural body weight determined by the number of fat cells in our body

Question 7

organizational effects of sex hormones

Answer 7

direct the development of male and female sex characteristics

Question 8

activational effects of sex hormones

Answer 8

stimulate sexual desire and hormones

Question 9

sexual orientation determiants

Answer 9

self identity, sexual attraction and sexual behaviour

Question 10

four major components of emotion

Answer 10

1) Eliciting stimuli
2) Cognitive Appraisal
3) Physiological Responses (arousal)
4) Behavioural tendencies (expressive and instrumental)

Question 11

2 classes of behavioural response

Answer 11

Expressive - observable behavioural indications of subjectively experienced emotions (e.g smiling smiling, crying)
instrumental - coping behaviours directed at achieving the goal or performing the task relevant to the emotion (doing something about it e.g studying, fighting back)

Question 12

cognitive appraisal (2)

Answer 12

gives stimuli perceived meaning and significance
process of making judgements about situations, personal capabilities, likely consequences and the personal meaning of consequence

Question 13

neuro peptide Y

Answer 13

secreated by neurons withing the PVN of the hypothalamus and increases hunger

Question 14

glucose

Answer 14

simple sugar which is the bodies and mainly the brains main source of immediate usable fuel
blood glucose levels monitored by hypothalamus, liver and increases huger

Question 15

Physiological signals that decrease and increase hunger

Answer 15

Increase: Glucose & Neuropeptide Y
Decrease: Leptin & CCK

Question 16

Areas of brain that signals eating and stopping

Answer 16

eat: lateral hypothalamus
stop: ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 17

James-Lange (somatic) theory of emotions

Answer 17

bodily reactions determine emotions, rather than the other way around

Question 18

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 18

when we encounter an emotion-arousing situation, the thalamus simultaneously sends sensory messages to the cerebral cortex and to the body’s internal organs

Question 19

Schachter’s two-factor theory

Answer 19

the physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of the arousal produces an emotion

Question 20

vascular theory of emotional feedback

Answer 20

facial feedback hypothesis occurs because tensing facial muscles alters the temperature of blood entering the brain