Chapter 12

Question 1

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Answer 1

intrapersonal topics

Question 2

helping behavior, aggression, prejudice and discrimination, attraction and close relationship, and group processes and inter group relationship

Answer 2

interpersonal topics

Question 3

the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings

Answer 3

situationism

Question 4

the view that our behavior is determined by internal factors (attribute of a person such as personality traits and temperament)

Answer 4

dispositionism

Question 5

tendency to overemphasize internal factors as explanations/attributions for the behavior of other people and underestimate the power of the situation

Answer 5

fundamental attribution error

Question 6

phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces

Answer 6

actor-observer bias

Question 7

tendency of an individual to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for negative outcomes

Answer 7

self-serving bias

Question 8

a belief about the cause of a result

Answer 8

attributions

Question 9

internal vs external

Answer 9

locus of control

Question 10

extent to which the circumstances are changeable

Answer 10

stability

Question 11

extent to which the circumstances can be controlled

Answer 11

controllability

Question 12

belief that people get the outcomes they deserve

Answer 12

just-world hypothesis

Question 13

a pattern a behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Answer 13

social roles

Question 14

a group’s expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its members

Answer 14

social norms

Question 15

a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting

Answer 15

script

Question 16

our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object

Answer 16

attitude

Question 17

feeling

Answer 17

affective component

Question 18

the effect of the attitude on behavior

Answer 18

behavioral component

Question 19

belief and knowledge

Answer 19

cognitive component

Question 20

psychological discomfort arising from holding 2 or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions

Answer 20

cognitive dissonance

Question 21

progress of changing our attitudes toward something based in some kind of communication

Answer 21

persuasion

Question 22

logic driven

Answer 22

central route

Question 23

indirect route

Answer 23

peripheral route

Question 24

persuader gets a person to agree to a small favor, only to later request a larger favor

Answer 24

foot-in-the-door technique

Question 25

the change in a person’s behavior to go with the group, even if he does not agree with the group

Answer 25

conformity

Question 26

the influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgement

Answer 26

asch effect

Question 27

people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group

Answer 27

normative social influence

Question 28

people conform because they believe the group is competent and has he correct information, particularly when the task on situation is ambiguous

Answer 28

informational social influence

Question 29

the change of an individual’s behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure

Answer 29

obedience

Question 30

the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

Answer 30

groupthink

Question 31

the strengthening of an original group attitude the discussion of views within a group

Answer 31

group polarization

Question 32

occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone

Answer 32

social facilitation

Question 33

the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group

Answer 33

social loafing

Question 34

an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true

Answer 34

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 35

a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to

Answer 35

in-groups

Question 36

a group that we view as fundamentally different from us

Answer 36

out-groups

Question 37

prejudice and discrimination because the out-group is perceived as different and is less preferred than out in-group

Answer 37

in-group bias

Question 38

the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

Answer 38

scapegoating

Question 39

repeated negative treatment of another person over time

Answer 39

bullying

Question 40

repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person

Answer 40

cyber bullying

Question 41

phenomenon in which a witness/bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress

Answer 41

bystander effect

Question 42

tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group

Answer 42

diffusion of responsibility