Chapter 11

Question 1

the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

historical perspective: suggested that personality could be described using two major axes: emotional/non-emotional and changeable/unchangeable

Answer 2

wilhelm wundt (19th century)

Question 3

departed strong emotions (melancholic, choleric) from the weak emotions (phlegmatic, sanguine)

Answer 3

emotional/non-emotional

Question 4

divided the changeable temperaments (choleric, sanguine) from the i changeable ones (melancholic, phlegmatic)

Answer 4

changeable/unchangeable

Question 5

historical perspective: proposed that unconscious drives influenced by sex, aggression, and childhood sexuality influence personality

Answer 5

sigmund freud

Question 6

historical perspective: believed that childhood experiences matter and there was less emphasis on sex. focused on the social environment and effects of culture on personality

Answer 6

neo-freudians

Question 7

mental acidity that we are unaware of and are unable to access

Answer 7

unconscious

Question 8

freud suggested that slips of the tongue (saying a word you did not intend to say) are sexual/aggressive urges accidentally slipping out of our unconscious

Answer 8

freudian slip

Question 9

contains primitive urges (for hunger,thirst, and sex)

Answer 9

id

Question 10

develops through interactions with others, learning social rules for right and wrong

Answer 10

superego

Question 11

attempts to balance the id with the superego

Answer 11

ego (self)

Question 12

refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant

Answer 12

denial

Question 13

transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target

Answer 13

displacement

Question 14

arrogating unacceptable desires to others

Answer 14

projection

Question 15

justifying behaviors by substituting acceptance reasons for less-acceptable real reasons

Answer 15

rationalization

Question 16

reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs

Answer 16

reaction formation

Question 17

returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development

Answer 17

regression

Question 18

suppressing painful memories and thoughts

Answer 18

repression

Question 19

redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

Answer 19

sublimation

Question 20

a person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to the standards of others or of society

Answer 20

inferiority complex

Question 21

universal version of personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us

Answer 21

collective unconscious

Question 22

pattern that exist in our collective unconscious across cultures/societies

Answer 22

archetypes

Question 23

a mask that we unconsciously adopt

Answer 23

persona

Question 24

affiliation and independence-as l-adults- likely to have an intense need for love and acceptance

Answer 24

moving towards people

Question 25

aggression and assertiveness -as adults- likely to lash out and exploit others

Answer 25

moving against people

Question 26

detachment and isolation -as adults- likely to avoid love/friendship and avoid interactions with others

Answer 26

moving away from people

Question 27

emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources as individual difference in personality

Answer 27

social-cognitive theory

Question 28

cognitive processes (belief, expectation, and personality characteristics), behavior, and context (environment/situation) all interact

Answer 28

reciprocal determinism

Question 29

level of confidence in our own abilities developed through social experiences

Answer 29

self-efficacy

Question 30

beliefs about the power we have over our lives

Answer 30

locus of control

Question 31

tend to believe that most of our outcomes are the direct result of our efforts

Answer 31

internal locus of control

Question 32

tend to believe that our outcomes are outside of our control

Answer 32

external locus of control

Question 33

the person you would like to be

Answer 33

ideal self

Question 34

the person you actually are

Answer 34

real self

Question 35

how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli

Answer 35

reactivity

Question 36

ability to control responses

Answer 36

self-regulation

Question 37

imagination, feelings, actions, ideas

Answer 37

Openness

Question 38

competence, self discipline, thoughtfulness, goal driven

Answer 38

conscientiousness

Question 39

Sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression

Answer 39

extroversion

Question 40

Cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured

Answer 40

agreeableness

Question 41

tendency toward unstable emotions

Answer 41

neuroticism

Question 42

individual interprets a series of summer tricks inkblot cards, revealing unconscious feelings and struggles

Answer 42

rorsachach inkblot test

Question 43

individual tells a story about 8-12 ambiguous cards, giving insight into their social world, revealing hopes, fears, interests, and goals

Answer 43

thematic apperception test (TAT)

Question 44

individual is asked to complete 40 incomplete sentences as quickly as possible to reveal desires, fears, and struggles

Answer 44

rotter incomplete sentence blank (RISB)