Chapter 11- mendel and gene idea Flashcards
Trait
Variations for a character, such as purple or white
Character
Heritable feature that varies among traits
True-breeding
When the she seeds of a plant are exactly the same as its parents
Hybridization
Two true breeding parents mate and have kids
P Generation
Parental generation
F1 generation
The first filial generations
F2 Generations
When two offspring for the F1 generation cross pollinate and create more offspring
Alleles
Alternative version of a gene
Dominant allele
Determines organisms phenotype when homo or heterozygous forms
Recessive Allele
Only shows physical traits when in a homozygous recessive pair
Law of segregation
Two allele for a heritable character separate from each other during gamete formation
Test cross
A test by using offspring ratios and matting a dominate plant with a recessive to deter,one the second letter of dominant plant
Mono hybrid
They were heterozygous for one particular character
Mono hybrid cross
Cross between two heterozygous organisms
Dihybrid
A plant with two heterozygous alleles controlling one character EX. YyFf
Dihybrid cross
Cross between two dish rids
Law of independent assortment
Two or more genes assort independently - each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair
Multiplication rule
To find the probability of two event coming after each other, you would multiply then together to fined the probability EX 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
Addition Rule
The probability that two mutually exclusive event will happen together and you do this by adding the two probabilities
Complete Dominace
When it is just a simple dominant + recessive and when the dominant is there there is no recessive phenotype
Incomplete dominance
The two phenotypes are both dominant and mix together to make a new phenotype
Codominance
When the two phenotypes are shown in their own distinct way EX stripes
Tay-Sachs disease
A recessive genetic disorder where the child is born with out the ability to metabolize certain lipids in the brain so fat grows in brain and they die
Pleiotropy
When a gene has multiple phenotypic effects
Epistasis
When the phenotypic effect of one gene at one locus alter the affect of another gene at a different locus
Quantitative
When the traits vary in gradient along a continuum in the population EX skin color
Polygenic inheritance
The additive effect of two or more genes in a single phenotypic character (Pretty much opposite of pleiotropy)
Multi factorial
Many factors such as genetic, and environmental collectively influence a phenotype
Pedigree
A family tree diagram used to trace genetic traits back through a family, such as a genetic disease
Cystic Fibrosis
The most common fatal genetic disorder, strikes about .04% of Europeans and 4% are carriers
This causes a build up of mucus in the lungs and death at a later age
Sickle Cell disease
Most common inherited disorder among Africans causing one amino acid to be subbed out in hemoglobin cause oxygen not to stick to red blood cells
Huntington’s disease
A dominant genetic disorder which cause the deterioration the nervous system no visible phenotypic effects until 35-45 years of age
