Chapter 11 - Development Flashcards
Original Sin
Goal of childbearing was salvation
Tabula Rasa
John Locke; children are a blank slate
Rousseau
Innate Goodness and the Noble Savage
Cross sectional research
apples to oranges; educational changes, living conditions, generational effect. One specific point in time
Longitudinal research
Follow some people throughout time for years
Fluid and Crystallized intelligence
John Horn;Fluid decreases over time; crystallized is wisdom like, ability to apply learning to new situations
Stages of gestation
Zygote: 0-2 weeks
Embryo: 2-8 weeks
Fetus: 2-9 months
Teratogens
Cause birth defects; thalidomide- loss of limbs if taken on a specific day in gestation, more arm= later in development
Advantages of Breast feeding
1) Bond between mother and child.
2) Breast milk passes immunities
3) On average higher IQ
Freud- oral gratification (social attachment)
Gratify childs hunger= reward. Can’t be all, must be due to contact and comfort, monkey stuff
Harlow and Zimmerman
Contact comfort; Need for affection is greater than physiological need.
Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting; ducklings follow first thing to move. Humans imprint in years
Erik Erickson
8 stages of psychosocial development
Trust vs. Mistrust
Erickson; (0-2); trust primary caregiver
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Erikson; 2-4 toddler; trust brings autonomy, mistrust brings shame and doubt, freedom to say no
Initiative vs. guilt
Erikson; 4-6 early school; Initiative is active exploration of environment, autonomy leads to initiative
Industry vs guilt
Erikson; 6-12 Middle school; Industry-eagerness to do meaningful work. Harder I work the better I do. Want to be useful niece painting house. Learning/vision problems lead to inferiority complex
Identity vs. Role Confusion, early
Erickson; 12-18; group identity found in cliques. Not actual father Erickson’s crisis and renaming
Identity vs. Role confusion, late
Erickson 18-22; Find true identity. Men form before marriage, women don’t. Men define them, husband makes them the wife etc. empty nest syndrome
Intimacy vs isolation
Erikson;22-34 Early adult; Ability to experience open and supportive relationships without fear of losing identity. Women no politics, men hard/sensitive.
Generative vs stagnation
Erickson; 34-60 middle adult; Making the world a better place or my money, my power etc
Integrity vs despair
Erikson; 60–;ego; Did I have a good life? No “If only…”
Kohlberg’s 3 Levels of Moral Development
1) Preconventional- 4-10; punishment and reward
2) Conventional- early teens; rules and laws
3) Post conventional; internal code, only 25% reach this, higher level moral reasoning
Kubler-Ross Five stages of death and dying
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance. DABDA
