Chapter 11 - Development

Question 1

Original Sin

Answer 1

Goal of childbearing was salvation

Question 2

Tabula Rasa

Answer 2

John Locke; children are a blank slate

Question 3

Rousseau

Answer 3

Innate Goodness and the Noble Savage

Question 4

Cross sectional research

Answer 4

apples to oranges; educational changes, living conditions, generational effect. One specific point in time

Question 5

Longitudinal research

Answer 5

Follow some people throughout time for years

Question 6

Fluid and Crystallized intelligence

Answer 6

John Horn;Fluid decreases over time; crystallized is wisdom like, ability to apply learning to new situations

Question 7

Stages of gestation

Answer 7

Zygote: 0-2 weeks
Embryo: 2-8 weeks
Fetus: 2-9 months

Question 8

Teratogens

Answer 8

Cause birth defects; thalidomide- loss of limbs if taken on a specific day in gestation, more arm= later in development

Question 9

Advantages of Breast feeding

Answer 9

1) Bond between mother and child.
2) Breast milk passes immunities
3) On average higher IQ

Question 10

Freud- oral gratification (social attachment)

Answer 10

Gratify childs hunger= reward. Can’t be all, must be due to contact and comfort, monkey stuff

Question 11

Harlow and Zimmerman

Answer 11

Contact comfort; Need for affection is greater than physiological need.

Question 12

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 12

Imprinting; ducklings follow first thing to move. Humans imprint in years

Question 13

Erik Erickson

Answer 13

8 stages of psychosocial development

Question 14

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 14

Erickson; (0-2); trust primary caregiver

Question 15

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Answer 15

Erikson; 2-4 toddler; trust brings autonomy, mistrust brings shame and doubt, freedom to say no

Question 16

Initiative vs. guilt

Answer 16

Erikson; 4-6 early school; Initiative is active exploration of environment, autonomy leads to initiative

Question 17

Industry vs guilt

Answer 17

Erikson; 6-12 Middle school; Industry-eagerness to do meaningful work. Harder I work the better I do. Want to be useful niece painting house. Learning/vision problems lead to inferiority complex

Question 18

Identity vs. Role Confusion, early

Answer 18

Erickson; 12-18; group identity found in cliques. Not actual father Erickson’s crisis and renaming

Question 19

Identity vs. Role confusion, late

Answer 19

Erickson 18-22; Find true identity. Men form before marriage, women don’t. Men define them, husband makes them the wife etc. empty nest syndrome

Question 20

Intimacy vs isolation

Answer 20

Erikson;22-34 Early adult; Ability to experience open and supportive relationships without fear of losing identity. Women no politics, men hard/sensitive.

Question 21

Generative vs stagnation

Answer 21

Erickson; 34-60 middle adult; Making the world a better place or my money, my power etc

Question 22

Integrity vs despair

Answer 22

Erikson; 60–;ego; Did I have a good life? No “If only…”

Question 23

Kohlberg’s 3 Levels of Moral Development

Answer 23

1) Preconventional- 4-10; punishment and reward
2) Conventional- early teens; rules and laws
3) Post conventional; internal code, only 25% reach this, higher level moral reasoning

Question 24

Kubler-Ross Five stages of death and dying

Answer 24

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance. DABDA

Question 25

Mary Ainsworth, securely/insecurely attached

Answer 25

Strange Situation Test; Child in room without mother, bad to cry and not play then mad at mom. Secure engages and is happy when mom returns

Question 26

Assimilation

Answer 26

New info into existing schema

Question 27

Accomodation

Answer 27

Doesn’t fit, thought understood but doesn’t

Question 28

Sensorimotor

Answer 28

Piaget; 0-2; object permanence (5-10 months); Learn all by senses and movement

Question 29

Preoperational

Answer 29

Piaget;2-7; symbolic reasoning; doesn’t understand juice in glasses

Question 30

Concrete Operational

Answer 30

Piaget; 7-12; mental operation of physical objects. Mountains and paper machete make sense.

Question 31

Formal Operational

Answer 31

Piaget; 12 and up; Abstract and hypothetical thinking, algebra

Question 32

Liberals focus on

Answer 32

harm/care, and fairness/reciprocity

Question 33

Liberals do not focus on these while conservatives (5 yesses) do…

Answer 33

Ingroup/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sancitity