Chapter 11: Achievement, Work, and Careers

Question 1

intrinsic motivation

Answer 1

internal motivation factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort

Question 2

extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

external motivational factors such as rewards and punishments

Question 3

flow

Answer 3

Csikszentmihalyi’s concept of optimal life experiences, which he believes occur most often when people develop a sense of mastery and are absorbed in a state of concentration when they’re engaged in an activity

Question 4

attribution theory

Answer 4

the theory that in their effort to make sense of their own behavior or performance, individuals are motivated to discover its underlying causes

Question 5

mastery orientation

Answer 5

an outlook in which individuals focus on the task rather than their ability; they concentrate on learning strategies and the process of achievement instead of the outcome

Question 6

helpless orientation

Answer 6

an outlook in which individuals seemed trapped when experiencing difficulty and attribute their difficulty to a lack of ability. This orientation undermines performance

Question 7

Performance orientation

Answer 7

individuals are focused on winning rather than achievement outcome, winning results in happiness

Question 8

mindset

Answer 8

the cognitive view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves

Question 9

self-efficacy

Answer 9

the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

Question 10

anxiety

Answer 10

a vague, highly unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension

Question 11

self-handicapping

Answer 11

use of failure avoidance strategies such as not trying in school or putting off studying until the last minute so that circumstances will be seen as the cause of low-level performance rather than a lack of ability

Question 12

Cochran et al., 2010

Answer 12

ability was the most significant predictor of career success in adulthood; however, it was also found that SES indirectly impacted adult success as it directly influenced the aspirations one set for themselves.

Question 13

Gottfredson’s Theory

Answer 13

occupational aspirations are a reflection of one’s self-concept

Question 14

Holland’s Theory of Personality Type

Answer 14

One’s choice of occupation is expression of personality

Question 15

Holland’s 6 personality types

Answer 15

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional

Question 16

permeability

Answer 16

ease of movement from one point in the system to another

Question 17

Transparency

Answer 17

how well young people can see through the system to plot a course from where they are in the present to a distant future goal